Open field

At about 9 40 a.m., the twenty-eighth car in the train ruptured. The south end of this car was hurled about 60 m (200 ft) southward across the street, where it entered a brick apartment building. The north end of the car was hurled through the air in a northwesterly direction over the roofs of several houses, landed in an open field, and rolled until it had traveled over 480 m (1600 ft). 

A massive amount of propane is instantaneously released in an open field. The cloud assumes a flat, circular shape as it spreads. When the internal fuel concentration in the cloud is about 10% by volume, the cloud s dimensions are approximately 1 m deep and 100 m in diameter. Then the cloud reaches an ignition source at its edge. Because turbulence-inducing effects are absent in this situation, blast effects are not anticipated. Therefore, thermal radiation and direct flame contact are the only hazardous effects encountered. Wind speed is 2 m/s. Relative humidity is 50%. Compute the incident heat flux as a function of time through a vertical surface at 100 m distance from the center of the cloud. 

In conformity with this, low-alloy steels could be used with advantage for such purposes as the production of agricultural machinery, on which the coating is liable to get knocked about, and which is frequently left in the open fields for long periods. 

This survey of the literature data on the interactions of organotin(IV) cations with biologically active ligands demonstrates that this is still a very open field. Above all, it is necessary to emphasize that usage of such complexes to treat humans is not permitted at present. Consequently, all compounds examined and discussed here (although with promising anticancer activity) are in the exploratory research stage. 

Himnan DJ Tolerance and reverse tolerance to toluene inhalation effects on open-field behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21 625-631, 1984 Hinman DJ Biphasic dose-response relationship for effects of toluene inhalation on locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 65-69, 1987 Hormes JT, Filley CM, Rosenberg NL Neurologic sequelae of chronic solvent vapor abuse. Neurology 36 698—702, 1986... 

Nest defense Open field behavior Operant behavior... 

We think that the physical meaning of the SRH matrices is not yet fully understood and can therefore be considered an open field of research. It is to be expected that a more complete understanding of the SRH matrices will lead to new applications of this formalism. 

Open-field or pot expert- Handled shaking or gen- Total rooted soil volume Equipment cheap and 4, 54, 56, 64, 101, 102,... 

The number of fruit trees required for a field residue trial may be as small as a single tree, but it is often more than one tree per plot. Two treatments may not be applied to the same fruit tree. If crops are grown both in greenhouses and in an open field, residue studies must also be conducted in a greenhouse. 

For applications made in the glasshouses or from post-harvest treatments, a single season is usually adequate since the geographical distribution of trial sites is immaterial. Specific conditions which affect cultivation (heated glasshouse, cold glasshouse, hydroponics) should be considered. These climatic conditions in protected crops usually lead to higher residues compared with the open-field situations. 

Mass balance cannot be strictly obtained in any open field study however, in field-scale groundwater studies, accounting for as much of the applied material as possible in order to interpret the results is particularly important. With the pesticide diluted over a large mass of soil and groundwater, concentrations in some samples may be low and hard to detect, but the total mass leaching may be large. 

The furan derivative (23) has been tested in vivo in tests of motor activity (open-field test) and antinociception (hot-plate test) as well as its capacity to enhance the hypokinetic and/or analgesic actions of subeffective doses of... 

Ferguson S A. Bowman RE. 1990. Effects of postnatal lead exposure on open field behavior in monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12 91-97. 

Ferguson SA, Felipa HN, Bowman RE. 1996. Effects of acute treatment with dopaminergic drugs on open field behavior of adult monkeys treated with lead during the first year postpartum. Neurotoxicol Teratol 18 181-188. 

Winneke G, Brockhaus A, Baltissen R. 1977. Neurobehavioral and systemic effects of longterm blood lead-elevation in rats I. Discrimination learning and open field-behavior. Arch Toxicol 37 247-263. 

In the work reported here (in the 150 m3 room) it was found that if an ion generator was operated without the assistance of a filtration device an effect could be detected only if the generator was of the open field type, i.e. if the generator not only produces ions but also exposes the surrounding air to a static field. Typical values for a 150 m3 room were for both ERF and DRF 0.8-0.9. If the ion generators were operated simultaneously with a filtering device the performance of the filters were always increased typically by 5-10 %. 

Short production cycle time Seeds can be sprouted at a relatively high temperature, which reduces the production cycle time to only 2-5 days. This compares favorably to the growth of transgenic plants in open fields (months) or to the production of pharmaceuticals in mammalian cells (weeks). 

Although plant cell culture is not as cost effective as plant cultivation in the open field, it will become an economical process if higher protein yields can be achieved [58]. The cultivation medium of plants is chemically defined, consisting of a carbon source, minerals, vitamins and phytohormones [69]. Furthermore, it is protein-free and relatively inexpensive. In contrast, animal cells often require complex supplements such as fetal calf serum and/or expensive growth factors, although serum-free cultivation is possible in case of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [70]. 

Although cell cultures produce a much lower amount of biomass than plants cultivated in the open field, tobacco suspension cells have been cultivated at volumes of up to 20 m3 (see [61] and references therein). 

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