Research Field Overview

These two references give an excellent overview over the most recent examples in this research field. Callaghan P T 1993 Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (Oxford Clarendon)... 

Not surprisingly, the research field of electrochromic compounds is very broad and includes inorganic, organic, and polymeric as well as several hybrid materials. We shall therefore attempt to give a brief overview of past and current achievements before we present our own contributions. Due to its scope, this chapter cannot be considered comprehensive, and the reader is referred to recent review articles for a more detailed description. [26,27,33]. 

Ideally, residuals should be equal to zero in the absence of faults, while they should become nonzero after the occurrence of faults. Of course, in practice, they are always nonzero due to model uncertainties and disturbances. Since the residual generation is the most important issue of quantitative model-based fault diagnosis, most of the works in this research field have been focused on this problem. A wide variety of techniques are available in the literature (see, e.g., [8, 16] for a complete overview). Since a complete review is outwith the scope of this book, in the following, only the basic concepts of the main approaches are briefly discussed. 

A number of recent reviews deal with the synthesis and physical properties of NCs,1 4 whereas less work exists on their organic-inorganic composites.5 6 This chapter gives an overview of the aforementioned research fields, with special focus on the latest results and developments. 

By contrast, there is a wealth of mechanistic information available in biochemistry and homogenous catalysis concerning oxygen activation mechanisms on first-row transition metals. It is therefore appropriate to provide a brief overview of this field here. However, this is a very large and active research field hence, it is not possible to do full justice to this subject here. For more extensive overviews, see references [50-60] in Section 4.5.6. 

Another approach towards asymmetric heterogeneous catalysts is the immobilization of chiral homogeneous complexes via different methods. In this way the advantages of homogeneous catalysts (high activity and selectivity) and heterogeneous catalysts (easy recovery) can be combined. For a complete overview of this active research field the reader is referred to several reviews on this topic [50, 51]. The practical applicability of these catalysts is hampered by the fact that severe demands of recyclability and stability need to be obeyed. In certain cases promising results have been obtained as outlined here. 

The aim of this review is to give the reader a brief overview of the exciting research field of protein kinases. It is, however, by no means a comprehensive overview, and I would like to invite motivated readers to read one of the many excellent reviews on this research topic [4],... 

It is the purpose of the present overview to discuss the various t5 pes of methods. In the next section we shall describe their theoretical foundations, and in the subsequent section we shall give some few selected examples of their applications. We add that the theoretical treatment of solvent effects is a currently very active research field, which can be seen both in the recent review by Tomasi et al as well as from the fact that even special issues of certain journals have been devoted solely to this topic." ... 

Recently, some new molecular handling techniques and discovery of extrastable hydrogenase widen the availability of hydrogenase and open a new research field on the application of hydrogenase. In the next, the new molecular handling techniques will be overviewed. 

The application of organic CTMs in photovoltaic devices is a new research field, which still is in its infancy. Figure 2 overviews the organic charge transfer materials that were scrutinized with regard to their application in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. A much wider range of materials is mentioned in the patent literature [13-15]. 

This chapter aims to give an overview of current research of LC/GNP hybrid materials. Fundamentals of LC and GNP materials will be introduced and representative LC/GNP hybrid materials reported in recent years will be summarized and discussed. Their applications will also be presented. This chapter is concluded by outlining future potential and opportunities in this rapidly emerging research field. 

Here in this chapter, studies on molecular blends of liquid crystalline materials, especially discotic liquid crystalline blends as semiconductor are overviewed in terms of both macroscopic miscibility and nanoscopic phase separation. Discotic liquid crystal has been extensively studied as one-dimentional semiconducting materials in recent years [12-14]. In particular, organic thin film photovoltaics is an interesting research field of its application. We see blended molecular systems... 

As one of the most widely available hypermedia tool kits - at least in Europe - HyperCard is becoming the prototypical environment for hypermedia courseware and hence for research in education and learning. Our aim is not to debate whether it is a proper prototype or not (for detailed analyses, see for example Jonassen, De Oliveira, this book). The issue to be discussed here deals with the relevance and effectiveness of HyperCard as a psychological research tool. Our research field is concerned with peer facilitation effects in children s individual learning. We will very briefly overview the recent trends of research in this area in order to raise some insufficiently explored issues and see how computer-based learning situations and more specifically HyperCard can help to address them. These considerations will then be illustrated by brief reports of three exploratory experiments. The discussion will finally offer some suggestions for further research in the field of Hypermedia and learning. 

The concern over environmental issues and sustainability has opened up another vibrant research field, namely, biobased and biodegradable polymer blends. An overview of major developments and recent trends in biodegradable blends with an emphasis on PLA blends are also discussed. This chapter closes with an outlook for the future of this important subject. 

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