Effective terms

These equations imply that A132 will exceed A12 if A33 is larger than A13 + A23. This effect, termed lyophobic bonding, occurs if the solvent-surface interaction is weaker than that between the solvent molecules. More interestingly, the dispersion interaction will be repulsive (A 132 < 0) when An and/or A23 are sufficiently large. Israelachvili [1] tabulates a number of Am values Awhw Ahwh 0-4X 10 erg, Apwp 1 x 10" erg, and Aqwq = O.SX -IO erg, where W, H, P, and Q denote water, hydrocarbon, polystyrene and quartz respectively. 

Elevated temperatures at the boiler tube wall or deposits can result in some precipitation of phosphate. This effect, termed phosphate hideout, usually occurs when loads increase. When the load is reduced, phosphate reappears. 

Tricyclic antidepressants are not licensed for use in the anxiety disorders, so in theory the SSRIs should not be compared with them in cost-effectiveness terms. The SSRIs and venlafaxine are supplanting benzodiazepines as the latter s long-term problems become more appreciated. The SSRIs will take an increasing proportion of the market. However, in comparison with the overall costs of the anxiety disorders, this drug expenditure can be justified. Further cost-offset and cost-effectiveness studies will help hammer this point home. 

These rules are based on the theory of conductivity of strong electrolytes accounting for the electrophoretic effect only (the relaxation effect terms outbalance each other). 

For the sake of simplicity the elevation (or gravitational effects) term will be omitted in the following development. Let Eq. (123) be multiplied by an unknown multiplier A and then added to Eq. (128),... 

From this equation it appears that the effective parent acid is at a pKa value of 3.92. The regression coefficients of both the inductive effect and resonance effect terms indicate... 

The same argument applies to a sterlc effect term In Equation 39 ... 

Determination of the first-order shell-effect terms... 

To summarize this subsection one can state that i) The role of second-order shell-effect terms can be determined by investigating the discrepancies between the discrete second derivatives of the functions 8E (Z) and 8 Ehfr(Z,Y(,). ii) For the second row of elements these terms determine the whole pattern of the oscillating part of the energy iii) They also play an important role in critical regions of shell filling (i.e., around shells fully, half, or irregularly filled). 

The effective terms ct" and ct1 may be broken down into core (co) and space charge (sc) contributions,285 q>L is the volume fraction of the grain boundaries (core and space charge zone), p = 1/3 and Pi = 2/3 in the ideal brick layer model. 

Matrix effects (termed instrumental mass bias) also present problems in isotope ratio analysis as the measured isotope ratio is almost always light isotope enriched relative to the accepted ratio, and the degree of this enrichment depends on the matrix composition. Although mass bias variations between different mineral compositions are relatively minor for most elements (a few percentage points at most), the high accuracy required in isotope analysis (often 1% or better) demands careful calibration. For isotope ratio measurements in essentially isochemical... 

In absence of the Bloch theorem,155 the zero-order disorder effect—termed the minimum, or diagonal, disorder156 —enters the coulombic interaction hamiltonian in the following way ... 

The melting point of fats used for spreads should not exceed mouth temperature (37°C) as an unpleasant waxy effect, termed palate-cling, starts to develop above this temperature. 

The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the Br and Li nuclei respectively. This Hamiltonian differs from that used previously for CsF, equation (8.282), only through the additional quadrupole term and the explicit addition of a Stark effect term. Although the weak electric fields (a few V cm ) used in this work were employed mainly to transfer electric dipole intensity into the resonance transitions, the resulting Stark shifts were measurable because of the extremely small linewidths obtained (about 300 Hz). 

The ranking analysis discussed in the remainder of this section used benzene exposure at a nearby residence as a proxy for the risk associated with population exposure to refinery releases. In Table X, the share each option represents of the total benzene exposure reduction achieved by implementing all options is given in the column labeled Benzene exposure reduction. The barge loading option accounts for 55% of the benzene exposure reduction attributable to all options. In cost-effectiveness terms, the cost for a 1% benzene exposure reduction ranges from 9000 for secondary seals to 1.48 million for upgrading the wastewater treatment plant. 

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