Long-term effects overview

Marrs et al. (1996) and Sidell (1996) have provided an extensive overview of human smdies of nerve agent exposures conducted by the US and the UK military as well as accidental exposures that occurred at production or test facilities. Although this report does not come to any conclusions about long-term effects, there is no indication that asymptomatic exposures to nerve agents have produced long-term, adverse health effects. This is the same conclusion reached by the National Academy of Sciences, committee that reviewed the then available literamre, to include the EEG smdies of Burchfield et al. (1976) and Duffy et al. (1979). They stated that while there may be subtle... 

Table 6.1 Overview of sulfur mustard-induced long-term effects.

Wu, P. Y. K., 1974, Immediate and long-term effects of phototherapy on preterm infants, in Phototherapy in the Newborn An Overview (G. B. Odell, R. Schaffer, A. P. Simo-poulos, eds.), pp. 150-160, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 

Supplementation with high doses of vitamin K1 (1 mg/day for 14 days) or MK-4 (45 mg/day) resulted in decreased levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and increase of bone formation markers and in a significant reduction in bone loss, respectively. Using such high doses, any kind of effects besides vitamin K can not yet be ruled out and have to be further elucidated by long term studies. An overview can be found in a review by Palacios [4]. 

A detailed overview of the nutrient situation in the Baltic Sea is given. Hereby, at first recent nutrient inputs are described and compared with the situation before remarkable eutrophication effects were observed. This is followed by a characterization of the typical nutrient cycle in the surface layer as well as by the description of long term phosphate and nitrate trends covering the period from the end of the 1950s until 2005. 

Besides providing effective protection of polymers against photo-degradation, some high molecular weight and oligomeric HALS (e.g. HALS-3) have been shown to act as effective long term heat stabilizers. For this reason, in some relevant literature, it is possible to find the abbreviation HATS (Hindered Amine Thermal Stabilizers) or HAS (Hindered Amine Stabilizers). A detailed overview of the various mechanisms proposed for HALS action can be found in [1]. 

A different tact for the sensing of ammonia is the use of an electro-catalyst Table 16.2 overviews the various approaches which utilise metallic (and alloys and oxides thereof) micro- and nano-particles of various shapes and geometries. Platinum is the most commonly explored electro-catalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia and through its utilisation the slow kinetic rates and large overpotentials of the electrochemical oxidation are overcome. Ideally an effective electro-catalyst should satisfy a number of requirements, such as reasonable cost, high activity, minimum Ohmic loss and long-term stability which may of course... 

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