Short-term effects

A cocurrent evaporator train with its controls is illustrated in Fig. 8-54. The control system applies equally well to countercurrent or mixed-feed evaporators, the princip difference being the tuning of the dynamic compensator/(t), which must be done in the field to minimize the short-term effects of changes in feed flow on product quality. Solid concentration in the product is usually measured as density feedback trim is applied by the AC adjusting slope m of the density function, which is the only term related to x. This recahbrates the system whenever x must move to a new set point. 

Acute (short-term) effects and chronic (long-term) effects. 

This example points out one of the central problems in stack design for pollution control local, short-term effects may be the most important stack design consideration, but will usually be the aspect of the problem about which the least information is available. 

Katsouyanni, K., Touloumi, G., Spix, C., Schwartz, J., Balducci, F., Medina, S., Rossi, G Woj tyiiiak, B., Sunyep Bacharova, L., Schouten, J. P., Ponka, A., and Anderson, H. R. (1997). Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 Eiiiopean cities Results from time series data from the APHEA project. Brit. Med. J. 314, 1658-1663. 

Controlling the effects of acid deposition by the use oflime or other acid-neutralizing compounds has been tried, but mainly on an experimental basis. Adding lime to lakes usually has only a short-term effect in terms of neutralizing lake acidity. The longevity of the effect is directly related to lake s... 

Safe means of disposal, both on-site and at the disposal site, dump, etc. (long- and short-term effects) ... 

McCaul ME, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML, et al Short-term effects of oral methadone in methadone maintenance subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31 753-761, 1982... 

Ek osystem recovery from environmental extremes The examples which illustrated the responses of agricultural ecosystems to extreme events have been limited to short-term effects on productivity. For natural ecosystems which can not be replanted the recovery response to an environmental extreme is crucial, not only in the time taken for recovery but also in terms of the manner in which the ecosystem may change during and after the period of recovery. In this context, change is particularly concerned with the species which constitute an ecosystem, a consideration which is central to the aims of conservation. 

BRZEZINSKI A, ADLERCREUTZ H, SHAUOL R, ROSLER A, SHMUELI A, TANOS V, SCHENKER J G (1997) Short-term effects of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopausal women. /iVoriA American Menopause Soc. 4 89-94. 

Hilmy AM, El Domiaty NA, Daabees AY, Moussa FI. 1987. Short-term effects of mercury on survival, behaviour, bioaccumulation and ionic pattern in the catfish Clarias lazera). Comp Biochem Physiol C 87 303-308. 

In bronchitics, there have been reports of elevated serum-conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and aldehydes, and a claim of clinical eflicacy as well as normalization of these parameters after vitamin E therapy (Kleiner et al., 1990). However, these patients were given combined therapy including steroids and thus the effect of vitamin E alone cannot be assessed. N-Acetylcysteine administered to chronic bronchitics increased plasma cysteine from a below-normal baseline but it has not been shown that this intervention had any effect on the disease process, the dosing being of short duration, nor were there short-term effects of the release of ROS from blood neutrophils (reviewed by MacNee et al., 1991). A... 

E. Bar-Ness, Y. Hadar, Y. Chen, V. Romheld, and H. Marschner, Short-term effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on Fe uptake from microbial sidcrophores by maize and oats. Plant Physiol. 100 45 (1992). 

Application rate is generally dictated by the labeled, or anticipated, application rate relevant to the particular use pattern being investigated. To improve analytical detection or to compensate for potentially low zero-time application recoveries, application rates are sometimes increased to 110% of the labeled application rate. An application rate greater than this level would be subject to regulatory scmtiny and may affect the dissipation rates of certain agrochemicals owing to potential short-term effects on sensitive soil microflora. 

Smith, S., Swain, J., Brown, E. M., Wyshak, G., Albright, T., Ravnikar, V. A., Schiff, I., A preliminary report of the short-term effect of carbonated beverage consumption on calcium metabolism in normal women, Archives of Internal Medicine, 149, 2517, 1989. 

Most of the materials used in the manufacture of chemicals are poisonous, to some extent. The potential hazard will depend on the inherent toxicity of the material and the frequency and duration of any exposure. It is usual to distinguish between the short-term effects (acute) and the long-term effects (chronic). A highly toxic material that causes immediate injury, such as phosgene or chlorine, would be classified as a safety hazard. Whereas a material whose effect was only apparent after long exposure at low concentrations, for instance, carcinogenic materials, such as vinyl chloride, would be classified as industrial... 

Short-term effectiveness. This is an examination of the effectiveness of alternatives in protecting human health and the environment during the construction and implementation of a remedy until response objectives have been met. 

Alternative 2 is anticipated to have the greatest short-term effectiveness, and presents the least amount of risk to workers, the community, and the environment. The other alternatives could release volatiles during excavation activities or SVE. 

Danzon and Liu22 show that the short-term effect of RP is to produce a kink in the demand curve at the point corresponding to the RP, assuming that all doctors have perfect information on prices. The kinked demand model put forward by these authors to explain the behaviour of prices subject to RP predicts that it will never be optimal to fix a price below RP, the optimal pricing response being EFP = RP (see box above). 

Dalla Valle AZ, Mignani I, Spinardi A, Galvano F and Ciappellano S. 2007. The antioxidant profile of three different peaches cultivars (Primus persica) and their short-term effect on antioxidant status in human. Eur Food Res Technol 225(2) 167-172. 

Kraak, M.H.S., M. Toussaint, D. Lavy, and C. Davids. 1994. Short-term effects of metals on the filtration rate of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Environ. Pollut. 84 139-143. 

Gould, E. and J.R. Machines. 1977. Short-term effects of two silver salts on tissue respiration and enzyme activity in the cunner (Tautoglolabrus adspersus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 401-408. 

Clements, R.O. and J.S. Bale. 1988. The short-term effects on birds and mammals of the use of chlorpyrifos to control leatherjackets in grassland. Ann. Appl. Biol. 112 41-47. 

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