Long-term effects mutagenicity

EHC monographs examine the physical and chemical properties and analytical methods sources of environmental and industrial exposure and environmental transport kinetics and meta-bohsm including absorption, distribution, transformation, and elimination short- and long-term effects on animals, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and finally, an evaluation of risks for human health and the effects on the environment. 

Data on the Irritants are insufficient to evaluate their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term effects. Tests of all theses chemicals involved few exposures and low doses. 

In general, the Committee found insufficient evidence to evaluate these chemicals, except mustard gas. Mustard gas 1b an experimental mutagen and human carcinogen at high doses. Data on the other irritants are insufficient to evaluate their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term effects. Tests of all these chemicals involved few exposures and low doses. 

The toxicological data should provide evidence of adverse effects to humans. The acute oral, dermal or inhalation toxicity is characterized by the LD50 or LC50 (lethal dose or lethal concentration). In addition to the acute toxicity, possible long-term effects are reported, such as mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic effects. 

There are no data on human exposure from which to predict the long-term effects from Lewisite. There is no substantial evidence to suggest that Lewisite is carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic (Goldman and Dacre, 1989). The committee appointed by the National Academy of Science reported a causal relationship between Lewisite exposure and chronic respiratory diseases, and also that acute, severe injuries to the eye from Lewisite will persist (Pechura and RaU, 1993). 

As indicated in other studies (Infras, 1995 Ecoplan, 1996 UNIPEDE, 1996), these costs are typical for European cities and concern especially public health and materials. They do not include other impacts like olfactory discomfort from VOCs, long-term effects like risk of mutagen and carcinogen diseases. 

The information required for a notification is the chemical identity, amount manufactured or imported, use, physico-chemical properties, ecotoxicity studies, available mutagenicity studies and animal toxicity, indir t long-term effects on humans and recommendations for disposal and labelling. The data requirements for the notification of new substances are based on the OECD MPD and arc very similar to those in the EC. The minimum information required is listed in Table 34.1. There are no official reduced data requirements for notification of substances to be supplied only in low amounts, although FOEFL will negotiate on a case-by-case basis for certain of the standard tests to be omitted, especially if the substance is to be used in special applications or has special disposal methods which minimise environmental contamination. Studies are to be conducted in compliance with GLP to OECD guidelines or their equivalent. 

Long-term effects can be divided into three types carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. All three types of effects take, from the time of exposure, up to 15 years or longer to develop symptoms. Effects can be aggravated by exposures to other materials or unrelated health problems. 

The uranyl ion (UO ) is the most stable species, easily forms complexes, which are both well dissolved in water and represent the form present in the mammalian body [154]. It may react with biological molecules to produce cellular necrosis (cell death) and/or atrophy in the tubular walls in the kidneys, resulting in a diminished ability to filter impurities from the blood. There is no data available for long-term effects of uranium-induced developmental toxicity on humans. The information from intermediate-term studies on animals using the uranyl ion, oxides and rarely the metal [155, 156] demonstrate that DU is mutagenic and has neurotoxic properties [157]. 

Pyridine Chronic Toxicology. AH mutagenicity tests have been negative and (1) is not considered a carcinogen or potential carcinogen. There have been no reports of adverse health effects on long-term exposure to (1) at low concentrations. 

Late Toxicity - Where there is evidence that a chemical can cause cancer, mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, or delayed injury to vital organs such as the liver or kidney, a qualitative description of the chemical is given. The term implies long-term or chronic effects due to exposure to the chemical. 

Since all pesticides are mutagenic, there must be long-term genetic effects accompanying their direct and immediate consequences. 

However, ozone may have some undesirable effects. There have been a few reports of changes in aroma and surface colour of some fruits and vegetables (Kim etal., 1999 Perez etal., 1999). Ozone can also be hazardous to humans. A concentration above 0.1 ppm in air has a strong odour that causes irritation of the nose, throat and skin (Sharma, 2005). In addition, long-term exposure to the gas may lead to mutagenic effects and even death. 

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