Percentage point

The use of hot gas clean-up methods to remove the sulfur and particulates from the gasified fuel increases turbine performance by a few percentage points over the cold clean-up systems. Hot gas clean-up permits use of the sensible heat and enables retention of the carbon dioxide and water vapor in the... 

The basic seed processing plant design is based on 70% removal of the sulfur contained in the coal used (Montana Rosebud), which satisfies NSPS requirements. Virtually complete sulfur removal appears to be feasible and can be considered as a design alternative to minimize potential corrosion problems related to sulfur in the gas. The estimated reduction in plant performance for complete removal is on the order of 1/4 percentage point. The size of the seed processing plant would have to be increased by roughly 40% but the corresponding additional cost appears tolerable. The constmction time for the 500 MW plant is estimated to be ca five years. 

Some power tubes can be operated without the need for a protective ferrite isolator. One example is the cooker magnetron (700 W) used in modern microwave ovens (57). At higher power levels, such as 25 kW, it is more common to employ a protective ferrite device, particularly in the form of a circulator (58), as shown in Figure 3. This results in a power loss equivalent to a few percentage points in system efficiency. The ferrite circulator prevents reflected power from returning to the power tube and instead directs it into an auxiHary dummy load. The pulling of tube frequency is thus minimised. 

An impulse-type turbine experiences its entire enthalphy drop in the nozzle, thus naving a very high velocity entering the rotor. The velocity entering the rotor is about twice the velocity of the wheel. The reaction type turbine divides the enthalphy drop in the nozzle and in the rotor. Thus, for example, a 50 percent reaction turbine has a velocity leaving the nozzle equal to the wheel speed and produces about V2 the work of a similar size impulse turbine at about 2-3 percentage points higher efficiency than the impulse turbine (0 percent reaction turbine). The effect on the efficiency and ratio of the wheel speed to inlet velocity is shown in Fig. 29-27 for an impiilse turbine and 50 percent reaction turbine. 

A comparison of the effect of the various cycles on the overall thermal efficiency is shown in Fig. 29-40. The most effective cycle is the Brayton-Ranidne (combined) cycle. This cycle has tremendous potential in power plants and in the process industries where steam turbines are in use in many areas. The initial cost of the combined cycle is between 800- 1200 per kW while that of a simple cycle is about 300- 600 per kW. Repowering of existing steam plants by adding gas turbines can improve tne over plant efficiency of an existing steam turbine plant by as much as 3 to 4 percentage points. 

Here is an equation for relative humidity (RH) and a short BASIC computer program that enhances its value. The average difference between the equation and actual values runs only 0.33 percentage points and the highest absolute difference seen in comparisons w as 2 percentage points. 

Similarly, an electric motor can use electricity that costs more than the motor during a year of continuous operation. Even if the motor is in perfect condition, it may be cost effective to replace it with a new motor that is a few percentage points more efficient at converting electricity into work. In many applications, however, an electric motor operates only a few hours per year. In such cases, the cost of the electricity is negligible relative to the cost of a new motor, so that even a large gain in energy efficiency is not worth the cost. 

A typical power train for such a generating station is shown in Figure 15.35. A further refinement, capable of improving cycle efficiency by several percentage points,... 

Suppose, for example, that an estimate based on a Wei-bull fit to the fan data is desired of the fifth percentile of the distribution of time to fan failure. Enter the Weibull plot. Figure 62.6, on the probability scale at the chosen percentage point, 5 per cent. Go vertically down to the fitted line and then horizontally to the time scale where the estimate of the percentile is read and is 14,000 hours. 

The table gives the value of f . — the 100a percentage point of the t-distribution for v degrees of freedom. 

APPENDIX 11 CHARACTERISTIC INFRARED ABSORPTION BANDS 839 APPENDIX 12 PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE f-DISTRIBUTION 840 APPENDIX 13 / -DISTRIBUTION 841 APPENDIX 14 CRITICAL VALUES OF 0 (/> = 0.05) 842 APPENDIX 15 CRITICAL VALUES OF THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT p (P = 0.05) 842... 

Highly concentrated ether carboxylic acids with a low degree of ethoxylation even at room temperature can give an esterification reaction with the non-converted nonionic, especially with the fatty alcohol, to several percentage points. The result may be that a too low value is found for the ether carboxylate content. This mistake in analysis can be avoided by saponification of the formed ester [238]. Two hundred to 300 mg matter and ca 100 mg NaOH were weighed in a 50-ml Erlenmeyer glass, heated with 20 ml ethanol under reflux, and after cooling supplied with water to 100 ml. Afterward a two-phase titration was carried out. 

The cumulative percentage points can be plotted on a distorted %-axis (so-called normal probability scale ) that yields a straight line for perfectly ND data. 

The yield increases by 15 percentage points during scale up to the pilot scale and by about 2 more percentage points in the final process. This improvement is reflected in the demand of 4 and 5, which declines to 80% in the pilot scale and 78% in the operation scale (Table 5.2). The excess of substrates (0.137 kgkg (L), 0.176 kgkg (P), 0.589 kgkg (O), Figure 5.12) can mainly be attributed to sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid inputs. 

Just this one sentence of information increased the number favoring the use of nuclear energy by 12 percentage points—from 62% to 74%. 

The 100(1 — a)% confidence interval for fi is given by (Jr Ka/2normal distribution. This result is obtained by considering the distribution of [(x — /u,) /N/a], which is normally distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. Hence,... 

From the tables [Percentage Points of the /-Distribution] the value of t for (n freedom at 95% confidence level is 2.09. 

In a natural gas fueled PAFC, water is condensed out of the fuel stream going to the fuel cell to increase the partial pressure of hydrogen. In a coal gasification MCFC, water often is added to the fuel stream prior to the fuel cell to prevent soot formation. The addition of excess steam not only prevents the soot formation, but also causes a voltage drop of approximately 2 mV per each percentage point increase in steam content (45). The use of zinc ferrite hot gas cleanup can aggravate the soot formation problem because of the catalytic effect of the sorbent on carbon formation, and requires even higher moisture levels (46). 

This was derived assuming uniform concentration because good mixing is important for this relationship to hold. It also assumes a constant temperature. Both these assumptions are only approached in most batch systems. Further, stirring becomes more difficult as conversion increases so that both control of localized temperature and concentration become more difficult. In reality, this relationship holds for only a few percentage points of conversion. Overall, temperature is a major concern for vinyl polymerizations because they are relatively quite exothermic. This is particularly important for bulk polymerizations. This, coupled with the general rapid increase in viscosity, leads to the Trommsdorff-like effects. 

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