Long-term effects cancers

The number of cancers over the next 70 years firom this exposure, was estimated using the conservative linear model to be 160 which should be compared with 27,000 cancers the evacuees will get from natural causes over 70 years. Thus, the long-term effect of the accident will be... 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

Cozick J, Allen D, Baum M, et al. (1992) Long term effects of Tamoxifen biological effects of Tamoxifen working party. Eur J Cancer 29 15-21... 

This model assumes that any dosage effect has the same mechanism as that which causes the background incidence. Low-dose linearity follows directly from this additive assumption, provided that any fraction of the background effect is additive no matter how small. A best fit curve is fitted to the data obtained from a long-term rodent cancer bioassay using computer programs. The estimates of the parameters in the polynomial are called Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE), based upon the statistical procedure used for fitting the curve, and can be considered as best fit estimates. Provided the fit of the model is satisfactory, the estimates of these parameters are used to extrapolate to low-dose exposures. 

Very few human data are available to assess the long-term effects of amitrole. In a small-cohort study of Swedish railroad workers, there was a statistically significant excess of all cancers among those exposed to both amitrole and chlorophenoxy herbicides (6 deaths vs. 2.9 expected) but not among those exposed primarily to amitrole (5 deaths vs. 3.3 expected). ... 

Dioxins have been shown to cause birth defects in tests with laboratory animals. Long-term effects include certain cancers. Because of the health concerns associated with 2,4,5-T, this herbicide was banned in the United States in 1983. 

From the outset, their hypothesis caused worldwide concern because UV-B can damage DNA, cause skin cancer, including malignant melanoma in humans, and have long-term effects on the eye, in addition to its impact on a variety of ecosystems. 

The use of permanent hair dyes or the occupational exposure to these cosmetic products has recently been discussed because of a possible link to adverse long term effects like genetic effects or carcinogenic effects (l9 2, 3) Epidemiological studies seem to indicate an overrepresentation of lung and breast cancer among occupationally exposed people ( 3). Previously, 2,U-diaminotoluene (TDA), a very common product in hair dyes, has been proven to be an animal carcinogen after oral administration and subcutaneous injection k) ... 

Etzioni RD, Howlader N, Shaw PA, Ankerst DP, Penson DF, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM. Long-term effects of finasteride on prostate specific antigen levels results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. J Urol 2005 174(3) 877-81 [erratum 2071]. 

Mycotoxins present a high severity of hazard level because of the serious long-term effects on humans, especially immunological disturbances and cancer developments. While the public are increasingly aware of the immediate health-disturbing effects of viral and bacterial-contaminated foods... 

Characterization and classification of chemical toxicity is complex because of the many possible responses a chemical might induce and the variability of the dose required to yield a response. Toxic responses can include acute effects on the function of various organs or long-term effects such as cancer. Occurrence of a response may be deterministic or stochastic. EPA treats chemicals showing deterministic responses as if there is a threshold below which there is no... 

Although steroids can enhance performance they also can have a long-term effect of causing liver damage, hepatitis and possibly cancer.3... 

Environmental Protection Agency without any modifications or accessories.32 However, concerns over cancer from Diesel exhaust have made the issue quite complicated in recent years, but those concerns are only for long-term effects. In any event, Diesels have always produced far less than 1%/vol. carbon monoxide, which is still the CO standard for all internal combustion engines. Gasoline engines have only met the same standard after many years of intensive research and the addition of many engine modifications and complex accessories including catalytic converters. 

Acute radiation exposure, which can cause radiation sickness, radiation burns, and so forth, is caused by the energy deposited in the body, and so we are looking for effects that will occur within hours, days, or weeks of the exposure. As cancer takes many years or decades to develop, quantifying the long-term effects of DNA damage resulting from an acute exposure is not as important. In the case of acute radiation exposure, then, we measure only the amount of energy deposited in the body, so we use units of Gy or rad. 

When we are concerned about the long-term effects of radiation exposure, it is important to understand how much DNA damage is caused by the radiation, so the quality of the radiation must also be considered. Because of this, we measure radiation dose in units of Sv (or rem) when we are considering, for example, the risk that someone will develop cancer as a result of their radiation exposure. This is why regulations and radiation dosimeter reports use units of Sv or rem they are concerned with protecting us against the risk of developing cancer several decades later in our lives. 

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