Data with peer-reviewed

Significant efforts have been made to assemble teratogenic data basses with peer-reviewed evaluations (ref. 1). New avenues for the SAR studies have been opened, such as quantitative methods for structural superposition of molecules and for superposition of their reactivity characteristics (ref. 2). Emphasis has been placed on the electrostatic properties of the molecules, such as the molecular electrostatic potential, the electric fields, and the polarizability terms calculated from perturbation expansions (ref. 2). Computer-assisted multivariate SAR which deals with many variables simultaneously has been advanced (ref. 3). 

The issue of supposed non-flammability of most halogenated solvents is explained with peer-reviewed data in Ref. 1, Chapter 3, Section 3.4, pages 100 to 115, especially Table 3.9. 

HSDB. Hazardons Snbstances Data Base over 4700 chemicals with peer-reviewed toxicology data. 

If users are inexperienced in searching for information, they should first consult search engines, meta-databases or portals (Table 5-6). Searchers who are familiar with databases may consult known databases (numeric databases, bibliographic databases, etc.) directly, being aware that they might miss new data sources (see Section 5.18). The reliability and quality of data are only given in peer-reviewed data sources. 

For the results reported in both Table 7.2-3 and Table 7.2-4, the only reported detail concerning the ionic liquid was that it was [EMIM][C1-A1C13]. No details of the aluminium(III) chloride content were forthcoming. As with most of the work presented in this chapter, data are taken from the patent literature and not from peer reviewed journals, and so many experimental details are not available. This lack of clear reporting complicates issues for the synthetic polymer chemist. Simpler and cheaper chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids prepared by using cations derived from the reaction between a simple amine and hydrochloric acid (e.g., Me3N-E3Cl and... 

Most hydraulic fluid preparations start as chemical mixtures. For instance, there is a considerable area of overlap in the specific petroleum hydrocarbon chemicals contained in the mineral oil and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids. For all classes of hydraulic fluids, there may be similarities with other original products intended for use as lubricants. The complications involved in documenting the environmental fate of mixtures increase under conditions encountered at many NPL sites, where it may be hard to determine the precise original product associated with chemicals identified at an area in need of remediation. In most instances, available peer-reviewed literature, supplemented with data obtained from manufacturers of particular formulations and information in trade magazines, can supply information about the original hydraulic fluid preparations. At NPL sites, site-specific evaluations of specific chemicals may be the only feasible way to address concerns over environmental fate and potential exposure risks. 

My colleagues and I obtained some of these hidden data by using the Freedom of Information Act in the US. We analysed the data and submitted the results for peer review to medical and psychological journals, where they were then published.5 Our analyses have become the focus of a national and international debate, in which many doctors have changed their prescribing habits and others have reacted with anger and incredulity. My intention in this book is to present the data in a plain and straightforward way, so that you will be able to decide for yourself whether my conclusions about antidepressants are justified. 

Numerous patents have appeared describing derivatives of 5 and 6 as potential PAMOR antagonists. With the exception of 5 and 6, there are no peer-reviewed publications on structure-activity relationships, in vivo activity, or other preclinical data for the new agents. As viewed from the patent literature, introduction of polar substitutents into the morphinan scaffold is the preferred peripheralization strategy. 

Because of the requirements of regulations for certain chemicals such as pesticides, extensive data usually exist on partitioning properties and reactivity or half-lives of active ingredients. In some cases these data have been peer-reviewed and published in the scientific literature, but often they are not generally available. A reader with interest in a specific pesticide can often obtain additional data from manufacturers or from registration literature, including accounts of chemical fate under field application conditions. Frequently these data are used as input to pesticide fate models, and the results of these modeling exercises may be available or published in the scientific literature. 

Figure 5 shows the average removal observed for each compound in the WWTPs investigated in the Ebro River basin and its comparison with the removal data reported in the peer-reviewed literature. In agreement with the results of previous works [6-9, 12, 19, 27, 29, 31, 32], most of them performed in WWTPs equipped... 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. No studies were located regarding chronic inhalation exposure to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine in humans or animals. As discussed for acute-and intermediate-duration exposure, 1,2-diphenylhydrazine is a solid With a low vapor pressure at ambient temperature, which makes inhalation exposure this chemical in the vapor state unlikely. However, the possibility of inhalation exposure to dusts of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine either free or adsorbed to soil is conceivable. Therefore, chronic-duration studies of inhalation exposure to dusts of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine could be designed to provide information on possible toxic effects and exposure levels that cause effects. The NCI (1978) bioassay of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine provides the only sufficient chronic oral toxicity data for this chemical. This study was not, however, subjected to the peer review process used for current NTP bioassays, and it inadequately evaluated nonneoplastic effects. Additional studies would be particularly useful for corroborating and more fully characterizing... 

Nevertheless, these and other data limitations severely restrict our understanding of the experiences of African Americans in the chemistry community. For example, much of the most insightful and interesting data requested from NORC could not be provided or, if provided was of little or no used because of suppressed counts to protect confidentiality. The survey that was provided was for presentations and articles over the past three years. These results show that the median numbers of papers presented by white respondents was two compared to one for black respondents at professional meetings. Each group published a median of one article. An interview questioned the fairness of the so-called peer review journal process. The Cohort 111 interviewee asserts that Science is political. 1 saw a lot of it at.because some of my colleagues were journal editors. 1 saw firsthand why certain articles got published and certain ones didn t. Some got published with scant reviews, while others were scmtinized reviews. ... 

Validation of models is desired but can be difficult to achieve. Models are empirically validated by examining how output data (predictions) compare with observed data (such comparisons, of course, must be conducted on data sets that have not been used to create or specify the model). However, model validations conducted in this manner are difficult given limitations on data sources. As an alternative approach, model credibility can be assessed by a careful examination of the subcomponents of the model and inputs. One should ask the question Does the selection of input variables and the way they are processed make sense Also, confidence in the model may be augmented by peer reviews and the opinion of the scientific community. Common faults and shortcomings are... 

In a letter to Nature, Dr. L. Scott Mills, director of the laboratory that analyzed the samples, stated that the protocol used for the lynx survey had been validated with appropriate controls in two labs. His testing protocol had been peer reviewed and published. He said, For a field worker to arbitrarily decide to test the lab by labeling a hair from elsewhere as if it were a field-collected sample corrupts the integrity of the data and does not constitute a blind control. 7... 

Given the data challenges discussed previously and the increasing use of streamlined methods, it is necessary to continuously improve the consistency and transparency of the information and the assumptions used in such tools to ensure the quality and the validity of the decisions made with the aid of LGA metrics. The inclusion of quality indicators (such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis) will continue to be an important step to estimate the uncertainties involved in the inventory and impact models. Finally, there is a need to continuously perform peer review assessments by LGA experts, as the current LGA expertise in pharmaceuticals is very limited. When these requirements are fulfilled, LGA metrics are powerful tools to aid the decision making leading to more sustainable pharmaceutical processes. For further examples of FLASG scores and other LGA analyzes being applied, see Section 10.4.1. 

At this point in the process, the equipment/system is able to be put into routine use. The final Q in the model, Performance Qualification, PQ, is about on-going compliance. Elements of PQ include a regular service programme, performance monitoring with warning and action limits (as defined in OQ). All of these elements need to be documented and individual log books for systems are useful for this purpose. PQ data should be subject to regular peer review. All instrument systems should be subject to a simple change procedure which may well be connected to the equipment log system. 

Ask if the work was published in a peer-reviewed journal. Peer review is the standard process for scientific publications. Peer-reviewed manuscripts have been read by several scholars in the same field (called peers), and these peers have indicated that the experiments and conclusions meets the standards of their discipline and are suitable for publication. In the absence of peer-review the significance and quality of the data cannot be assessed. With no peer-reviewed, published record of the boy s subjective experiment, it is doubtful that normal standard scientific methods were applied. 

Seen from the perspective of recent events, the clinical development of protease inhibitors follows rather conventional programs for drug development. The most remarkable characteristic of the clinical development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors is their rapid clinical evaluation, regulatory approval, and subsequent incorporation into standard treatment regimens. Undoubtedly, the pressure to develop new and active compounds to treat persons with HTV infection contributed to the urgency of drug development. This section will review the clinical milestones for HIV-1 protease inhibitors and discuss some of the near future clinical directions for these compounds. Peer-reviewed, published manuscripts are the basis for this review. Data presented at meetings and published in abstracts were not used. 

The uncertainty analysis should be subject to an evaluation process that may include peer review, model comparison, quality assurance or comparison with relevant data or independent observations. 

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