Model credible

Validation of models is desired but can be difficult to achieve. Models are empirically validated by examining how output data (predictions) compare with observed data (such comparisons, of course, must be conducted on data sets that have not been used to create or specify the model). However, model validations conducted in this manner are difficult given limitations on data sources. As an alternative approach, model credibility can be assessed by a careful examination of the subcomponents of the model and inputs. One should ask the question Does the selection of input variables and the way they are processed make sense Also, confidence in the model may be augmented by peer reviews and the opinion of the scientific community. Common faults and shortcomings are... 

One definition of model validation refers to the assessment and extent to which a model is founded and fulfills the purpose for which it was developed (Cobelli et al., 1984). First and foremost, a validated model must have a clearly stated purpose. Then, is the model credible and does the postulated model support its intended purpose Models do not universally apply to all input conditions, but whether a model applies to a particular situation can be assessed. Thus, a model may be valid or useful in one situation, but invalid or useless in another. A model may also be valid for one set of data, but not for another. Lastly, a model may be valid for one set of assumptions but not valid for another set. 

The writing of a modeling report is extremely critical because it represents to a reviewer the process of model development and allows a reviewer to critique and adequately evaluate a reported model. Good documentation is the basis for model credibility. A model that is poorly documented will have poor credibility. As McLeod (1982) states, adequate and timely documentation is needed to ... 

There are many reasons for why ethics is important in modeling. One is that scientists have a duty to be honest and cause no harm. Another reason is that of model credibility a model is credible as long as its modeler is credible. A modeler who gains the reputation for unethical behavior will not be trusted and as a result any model the modeler develops will also not be trusted. Lastly, and most importantly, withholding key information or biasing the interpretation of a particularly negative result may lead to harm and in extreme cases, where... 

Today, good modeling practices dictate that a data analysis plan (DAP) be written prior to any modeling being conducted and prior to any unblinding of the data. The reason being that model credibility is increased to outside reviewers when there is impartiality in the model development process. The DAP essentially provides a blueprint for the analysis. It should provide details... 

Dispersion modeling of credible worse case scenarios indicates the one-hour exposure to nearest human receptor exceeds ERPG-2 level or equivalent. 

The fair degree of consistency observed in the values of <()j) for Seeds II and III and the excellent agreement between the experimental molecular weight distribution and those calculated with, lends credibility to the dead-polymer model. The... 

To formulate a model is to put together pieces of knowledge about a particular system into a consistent pattern that can form the basis for (1) interpretation of the past history of the system and (2) prediction of the future of the system. To be credible and useful, any model of a physical, chemical or biological system must rely on both scientific fundamentals and observations of the world around us. High-quality observational data are the basis upon which our understanding of the environment rests. However, observations themselves are not very useful unless the results can be interpreted in some kind of model. Thus observations and modeling go hand in hand. 

Managing business politics y Issues of credibility y Being a good role model for values of top team... 

They will be poor role models for their mentees by not practising what they preach, and their credibility will be undermined. 

No planning methodology can be efficient or credible for the synthesis of process operating procedures, if it focuses only on the search for the best plan, delegating the modeling needs and the articulation of the requisite constraints to inferior tasks. The reverse is also true. Consequently, a concise methodology for the synthesis of operating procedures should provide a unified treatment of all three pivotal components, namely... 

Except for the two additional membrane-spanning stretches in the second membrane-embedded segment, the proposed membrane-embedded stretches indicated in Fig. 1 are similar to those proposed for the closely related Ca -ATPase [53]. In fact, the overall topography proposed in Fig. 1 is quite similar to the Ca -ATPase model, lending additional credibility to each. 

Modeling of evaluative and real environments should be viewed as complementary. Evaluative models are particularly suitable for assessment of new chemicals, for comparing chemicals, and for obtaining general chemical behavior profiles. Real models are obviously best used for elucidating the actual or potential nature of contamination situations and remedial actions. The use of similar or identical calculation techniques in both is very desirable since success in the real case may lead to greater credibility in the evaluative case. 

However, many statistical modeling techniques do not, in a simple and straightforward way, enable by default the estimation of whether a prediction is an interpolation to the model (thus rendering the prediction more credible), or is an extrapolation to the model (in which case the prediction must be evaluated with greater care). 

The interstellar medium is thus a chemically diverse medium fed nearly all of the chemical elements by supernova explosions. Conditions in the interstellar medium produce a cocktail of molecules that ultimately find themselves back on the surface of planets during the formation of the new star and solar system. Does the interstellar medium seed life with molecules from space The nature of interstellar medium chemistry might then add credibility to the formation of life in many places within the Universe and act as a panspermia model for the origins of life. 

The implemented model must be tested with regard to correctness and completeness. Therefore, i.e., to validate the model and ensure the credibility of the simulation results, suitable scenarios with a broad spectrum of different events are reproduced with the model and compared to reality (or to expectations on reality). A model validated successfully can then be used for several systematic experiments (or as part of other applications, e.g., as part of a MES). 

Unfortunately, in some contexts, the word architecture is dropped into a discussion to lend instant credibility to someone s position If it is about architecture, it must be abstract, and surely it cannot be bothered with the difficult questions about what it all means to an implementation. This leaves us with ill-defined terms and diagrams of boxes and lines. As with any model, their value is severely degraded if the underlying terms and notations do not have a clearly defined meaning or if the number and complexity of design elements render them incomprehensible. 

In the preceeding section mention was made of ion association (ion-pairing) which, for the purposes of this paper, will refer to coulombic entities with or without cosphere overlap. Experimental support for ion-pairing has come from sound attenuation (2). Raman spectroscopy (2) and potentiometry (2, 2). Credibility has resulted from the model of Fuoss (2) applied by Kester and Pytkowicz (2). 

The metal-catalyzed amplification of e.e. in small molecules, demonstrated by Soai and coworkers, along with the chiral enrichment of amino arid polymers by sequential polymerization/depolymerization steps, have shown that small enantiomeric excesses in nearly racemic mixtures can be reactively amplified to produce chiral dominance. These real chemical systems, which include plausible prebiotic reactions, experimentally demonstrate the principle of the chiral amplification of a spontaneously broken chiral symmetry in a dynamic and authentic chemical milieu. Therefore amplification to dominance of a small chiral excess of both small and polymeric molecules can be credibly incorporated into an origin-of-life model. 

At the point where amphiphiles were recruited to provide the precursors to cell membranes, stable lipid vesicles could have evolved [141] to enclose autocatalytic chiral hypercycles. Credible models for the subsequent evolution of vesicles containing self-replicating chiral molecules have appeared in the literature. [193,194] These vesicles could then emerge from the feldspar spaces [134,192] as micron-sized self-reproducing, energy-metabolizing vesicular systems protobacteria ready to face the hydrothermal world on their own terms. 

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