Empirical validation

Previously published LP techniques for timing-driven placement do not allow for re-buffering during optimization. Instead, they are either applied before buffers have 

Subcircuit Implications KEEP-BUFFERS Slack(ps) Orig New of keeping buffers RUMBLE Slack (ps) Imprv. Orig New Imprv. 

We modified our pseudocode in Fig. 3.11 so that the function 1S-BUFFER() always returns false. The effect of this is to stop seeing through the buffers, and instead to consider them fixed timing endpoints. This configuration models the work of [13]. We then calculate a new location for each latch with the LP in Sect. 3.4. The final change is to skip line 8 of Fig. 3.13, i.e., do not re-buffer. We call this algorithm KEEP-BUFFERS. 

3 Buffer Insertion During Timing-Driven Placement 

Theoretical results published by Otten [17] and discussed in Sect. 3.3 indicate that optimal buffer insertion on a two-pin net results in a wire delay that is linearly-proportional to its length. The RUMBLE model heavily relies on these results. 

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Uncertainty on tlie other hand, represents lack of knowledge about factors such as adverse effects or contaminant levels which may be reduced with additional study. Generally, risk assessments carry several categories of uncertainly, and each merits consideration. Measurement micertainty refers to tlie usual eiTor tliat accompanies scientific measurements—standard statistical teclmiques can often be used to express measurement micertainty. A substantial aniomit of uncertainty is often inlierent in enviromiiental sampling, and assessments should address tliese micertainties. There are likewise uncertainties associated with tlie use of scientific models, e.g., dose-response models, and models of environmental fate and transport. Evaluation of model uncertainty would consider tlie scientific basis for the model and available empirical validation. 

Sometimes there are problems for which no empirically validated strategies exist. These situations challenge therapists and counselors to develop creative approaches to addressing unusual problems. On the one hand, it is very important to use an empirically validated approach to correct a problem if such an approach exists, because it makes little sense to reinvent the wheel when a radial tire may already be available to you. However, if the wheel has not been invented or tested, therapists and counselors still have to do something. 

Even when the path is unknown, there may be many clues about what may help. Novel problems may have some similarities to other, more well-known problems for which empirically validated interventions have been tested and developed. In such cases, those validated strategies may be modified to treat the problem at hand. In some instances, you may not have to reinvent the wheel so much as adjust it so it fits a different cart. In other cases, perhaps someone in your professional network has worked with a similar problem and can provide consultation regarding what she or he did, and whether it worked. 

My advice is to use empirically validated approaches to treating problems as much as you can so you can provide the best care available for your client. This will protect your client, but also may protect you as a professional from litigation. Using empirically validated strategies also helps instill confidence in your client that the care she or he receives will be the best available, which of course makes it more likely that the client will commit to the treatment plan. If there is a unique or unusual problem for which no known empirically validated strategy has been developed, then you may have to create a novel and creative approach for intervening upon the problem. In those cases, it is important to share this information... 

Empirically validated. Supported and tested by scientific methods. 

Empirically Validated Therapies for Depression and Bipolar Disorder... 

Empirically Validated Therapies for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders... 

Empirically validated cognitive behavioral therapy for couples can be quite helpful if relationship problems are an issue. Cognitive behavioral couples therapy combines the best of cognitive behavioral and family therapy techniques in order to help couples. The research suggests that use of this type of therapy can be quite helpful in mediating and resolving problems involving couples. Counselors may want to make a referral for this therapy if clients have relationship issues that interfere with aftercare. 

Do use empirically validated therapies whenever appropriate to provide the best care possible. 

If this phenomenon has any empirical validity, perhaps what happens is that a very thin film of this projection-sensitive transdi-mensional goo is present. And when you look at it, it is like perfect feedback. It is a mirror—not of your physical reflection but of who you are. All this lays in the realm of speculation, of course. Does this stuff exist Or is it just hallucination Who can believe in a thing like that ... 

Validation of models is desired but can be difficult to achieve. Models are empirically validated by examining how output data (predictions) compare with observed data (such comparisons, of course, must be conducted on data sets that have not been used to create or specify the model). However, model validations conducted in this manner are difficult given limitations on data sources. As an alternative approach, model credibility can be assessed by a careful examination of the subcomponents of the model and inputs. One should ask the question Does the selection of input variables and the way they are processed make sense Also, confidence in the model may be augmented by peer reviews and the opinion of the scientific community. Common faults and shortcomings are... 

Compared to efficacy, safety is typically more multifactorial, as it is dependent on homeostasis of virtually all cellular processes. A wider number and diversity of potential molecular and cellular effects of compound interactions may affect safety than may affect efficacy or bioavailability. Accordingly, cytotoxicity assessment is less specific, more multi parametric and extrapolatable with less certainty, unless there are specific safety signals indicated by the chemical structure or by its precedents. Extrapolation of safety biomarker data needs a greater foundation of mechanistic understanding of both in vitro and in vivo pathogenesis of toxicities, as well as rigorous, empirical validation of models. 

To assess the empirical validity of the derived rate constants, standard deviations between experimental and calculated concentration data were calculated by ... 

Lowenthal, D. H., K. R. Wunschel, and K. A. Rahn, Tests of Regional Elemental Tracers of Pollution Aerosols. 1. Distinctness of Regional Signatures, Stability during Transport, and Empirical Validation, Environ. Sci. Techno ., 22, 413-420 (1988). 

The value of P obtained for benzene is 18-20 kcal/mol, depending on choices of bond energies. Practically the same value is obtained when other aromatic molecules, such as naphthalene and anthracene, are treated in the same way, a fact which lends support to the belief that the LCAO method is at least empirically valid. 

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