Damage, impact explosive

The detonation products just impact within short ranges, air shock waves create the main damage of explosion of liquid explosive in free space. The damage and killing effect of air shock waves are more violent in the closer ranger with smaller impact... 

Bombs and missile impacts leave distinctive traces on aircraft, such as characteristic structural damage emd explosive residues. Structural damage would still be detectable even after the wreckage was submerged for some time, but explosives residues were another matter. A study conducted as part of the investigation revealed that explosives, which are somewhat water soluble, are quickly dissipated by immersion in salt water. However, a quick recovery of the debris was impossible, as it was scattered over an area approximately 4 miles by at a depth of... 

Cavitation Formation of transient voids or vacuum bubbles in a liquid stream passing over a surface is called cavitation. This is often encountered arouna propellers, rudders, and struts and in pumps. When these bubbles collapse on a metal surface, there is a severe impact or explosive effec t that can cause considerable mechanical damage, and corrosion can be greatly accelerated because of the destruction of protective films. Redesign or a more resistant metal is generally required to avoid this problem. 

Investigations in the field of shoek eompression of solid materials were originally performed for military purposes. Speeimens sueh as armor were subjected to either projectile impact or explosive detonation, and the severity and character of the resulting damage constituted the experimental data (see, e.g., Helie, 1840). Investigations of this type continue today, and although they certainly have their place, they are now considered more as engineering experiments than scientific research, inasmuch as they do little to illuminate the basic physics and material properties which determine the results of shock-compression events. 

Numerical simulation of a complex dynamic fracture application can be illustrated by calculations of impact induced damage in a ceramic cylinder. The computer model used was originally developed for oil shale explosive fragmentation (Grady and Kipp, 1980), with various extended applications considered by Boade et al. (1981) and Chen et al. (1983). In this model, stress and strain are related through... 

In many cases, it is not readily apparent how the potential impacts from different hazards can be translated into some common scale or measure. For example, how do you compare long term environmental damage and health risks from use of CFG refrigerants to the immediate risk of fatality from the fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards associated with many alternative refrigerants This question does not have a right answer. It is not really a scientific question, but instead it is a question of values. Individuals, companies, and society must determine how to value different kinds of risks relative to each other, and base decisions on this evaluation. 

The explosion killed two workers, injured 350 local residents, destroyed property up to 20 miles away, and damaged 50% of Henderson s 17,000 residential and commercial buildings. The two largest blasts registered 3.0 ajid 3.5 on the Richter scale hundreds of miles away in Cdifomia, cars were crumpled, doors blown off their hinges, and windows shattered for miles around. Uninsured losses were more than 20 million, plus 3 million more in insurance deductibles. Just as serious, were the psychological and emotional impact of the explosions, on schoolchildren and adults. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

Cause-consequence analysis serx es to characterize tlie physical effects resulting from a specific incident and the impact of these physical effects on people, the environment, and property. Some consequence models or equations used to estimate tlie potential for damage or injury are as follows Source Models, Dispersion Models, Fire Explosion Models, and Effect Models. Likelihood estimation (frequency estimation), cliaractcrizcs the probability of occurrence for each potential incident considered in tlie analysis. The major tools used for likelihood estimation are as follows Historical Data, Failure sequence modeling techniques, and Expert Judgment. 

An explosion occurring in a confined vessel or structure can rupture the vessel or structure, resulting in the projection of debris over a wide area. This debris, or missiles, can cause appreciable injury to people and damage to structures and process equipment. Unconfined explosions also create missiles by blast wave impact and subsequent translation of structures. 

The following is a brief selective listing of major worldwide fire and explosion incidents within the hydrocarbon and chemical industries during the last 25 years (1970 - 1994), both onshore and offshore. Numerous smaller incidents have been recorded that are not listed here but may be studied in other references. Where the number of fatalities has been reported in public accounts they are listed next to the financial loss. Financial losses are direct property damage losses and do not include business interruption, legal, or environmental impacts. 

Explosion at reactor severely damage facility and impacted firewater supply system 215,300,000 loss... 

Uncontrolled reactions have led to serious explosions, fires, and toxic emissions. The impacts may be severe in terms of death and injury to people, damage to physical property, and effects on the environment. In particular, incidents at Napp Technologies in 1995 and Morton International in 1998 raised concerns about reactive hazards to a national level. These and other incidents across the United States2 underscore the need to improve the management of reactive hazards. 

In addition to causing injuries and fatalities to plant personnel and the public, reactive incidents can also result in environmental harm and equipment damage. These impacts may be due to fires, explosions, hazardous liquid spills, toxic gas releases, or any combination of such (Figure 6). Fires and explosions are the most frequent occurrence in CSB data, followed by toxic gas releases. 

The purpose of layout and spacing is to design a workplace that will minimize personnel injuries, overall property damage, and related business interruption resulting from potential toxic releases, fires, and explosions. Areas to address during layout and spacing include both those that will minimize the incident size and those that will minimize the incident impact. The magnitude of a potential incident may be reduced by ... 

Consequence—The direct, undesirable result of an accidentsequence usually involving a fire, explosion, or release of toxic material. Consequence descriptions may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the effects of an accident in terms of factors such as health impacts, economic loss, and environmental damage. 

Fireworks, when not properly handled, can result in injury, loss of life and property damage. The problems of safety are in many ways different from those of most explosives and propellants. In general, the sensitivity of fireworks to shock and impact is considerably less than that of many explosives and propellants. On the other hand, most fireworks are more sensitive to sparks and flame than most other explosive materials. 

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