Explosives liquid

3 Nitrate Nitrogen Oxide Based Liquid Explosives. 316 

1 Hydrazine Liquid Explosives Contain Nitric Acid. 330 

A liquid explosive is a fluxible compound or mixture that suddenly releases energies under certain conditions. 

Since it was first synthesized in 1847 [2], nitroglycerin as a main component in liquid explosives, has been tremendously investigated and widely used in mining and other industrial blasting, as well as in military, such as propellant powers. Later, a series of liquid explosives of nitrate ester, such as dinitrate esters, with better explosive property and safety were developed [3-5]. In recent years, the United States has launched studies of high power and low characteristic signal propellants to continuously expand the application range of liquid nitrate esters [6]. 

The development and application of liquid explosives are limited because of stability and energy issues. In order to solve the problems, recently, a great deal of effort has been made to develop considerable alkyl azide compounds and azide 

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Dremin, A.N., Klimenko, V.Yu. and Kosireva, I.Yu., On the Mechanism of the Reaction Hot Spots Origin at Liquid Explosives Detonation, in Eighth Symposium (International) on Detonation, NSWC MP 86-194 (edited by Short, J.M.), Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring, MD, 1986, pp. 678-687. 

Liquid explosives which are classified as moderately sensitive to mechanical shock. 

Another theory of liquid-liquid explosion comes from Board et al. (1975). They noticed that when an initial disturbance, for example, at the vapor-liquid interface, causes a shock wave, some of the liquid is atomized, thus enhancing rapid heat transfer to the droplets. This action produces further expansion and atomization. When the droplets are heated to a temperature equal to the superheat temperature limit, rapid evaporation (flashing liquid) may cause an explosion. In fact, this theory resembles the theory of Reid (1979), except that only droplets, and not bulk liquid, have to be at the superheat temperature limit of atmospheric pressure (McDevitt et al. 1987). 

Ref L.H. Erikseni Properties of Liquid Explosives , PATR 1542 (2 July 1945)... 

Ref A. vonEgidy et al, A New Liquid Explosive, NTN , UCRL-5861, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Univ of Calif, Livermore (1960)... 

PLX. A liq expl developed at PicArsn (Picatinny Liquid Explosive) during WWII for use in minefield clearing devices, to be loaded by pumping. It consisted of Nitromethane 95 and ethylene-diamine 5%, which were stored and transported separately, and mixed just prior to use... 

By adiabatic compression of gas. This is particularly noticeable in liquid explosives such as nitroglycerine, where eveq the moderate compression of small gas bubbles can readily lead to initiation of the explosive. 

Fig. 6.6. Friction tests, (a) Liquid explosives, (b) Solid explosives.

Detonation characteristics of liquid explosive mixtures with nitrobenzene were studied. 

Mixtures of the salt (80%) and amine (15%) with water are useful as an impact-insensitive but powerful liquid explosive. 

ENERGY Shock-sensitivity Detonation of solid or liquid explosive or explosive mixture... 

Eine Mischung Nitromethan/Ethylendiamin 95/5 wird in den USA als PLX (Picatinny Liquid Explosive) bezeichnet und ist fur Raumungs-sprengungen von Minenfeldern vorgesehen. 

Experimental Test for Reservoir Perforation using liquid explosive 9 Fatalities... 

Exp-6 potential models can be validated through several independent means. Fried and Howard33 have considered the shock Hugoniots of liquids and solids in the decomposition regime where thermochemical equilibrium is established. As an example of a typical thermochemical implementation, consider the Cheetah thermochemical code.32 Cheetah is used to predict detonation performance for solid and liquid explosives. Cheetah solves thermodynamic equations between product species to find chemical equilibrium for a given pressure and temperature. From these properties and elementary detonation theory, the detonation velocity and other performance indicators are computed. 

Many of the original puzzles and concerns considered before initial deployment of explosive detection equipment have not been resolved, but less than optimal solutions have had to be accepted. For example, an alarm is usuaUy resolved by re-screening of the object, hand examination of the alarming item, or questioning of the owner. None of the presently fielded techniques address the need to determine whether a liquid threat material has been sealed in a bottle. There was a short period of time after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 when people wishing to carry a bottle of liquid on board an airplane were required to take a sip of it to demonstrate it was innocuous. Since the threat from liquid explosives in the... 

The term explosives and dangerous articles comprises not only explosives but also other dangerous articles such as, inflammable liquids, inflammable solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids, compressed gases, and poisons. Gasoline and certain other petroleum products are classed as inflammable liquids. Explosives and dangerous articles are synonymous for motor carriers and vessels [129]. 

C. Eliasson, N.A. Macleod and P. Matousek, Noninvasive detection of concealed liquid explosives using Raman spectroscopy, A o/. Chem., 79, 8185-8189 (2007). 

Birth (Initiation) and Growth of Explosion in Solid and Liquid Explosives Initiated by Impact, Friction, etc. See Vol 2, p B127-L and under Detonation (and Explosion), Initiation (Birth), Growth, Spread and Propagation in Explosive Substances... 

Critical Constants of Liquid Explosives. See Vol 3 of Encycl, p C560-R... 

Critical Phenomena in the Detonation of Liquid Explosives. This subject is discussed by A.N. Dremin in the 12th SympCombstn(1968), published in 1969, pp 691-99... 

Transition of combstn to deflgrn in expls. Combstn of powdered expls at high constant pressures) 11) J. Eadie, "The Effect of Wax on the Shock Sensitivity of Explosive Compacts , 4thONRSympDeton(l965), 399-403 12) J.E. Hay et al, "The Effect of Physical and Chemical Properties on the Sensitivity of Liquid Explosives , 4thONRSympDeton... 

Condensed expls, reaction zone) 8) Baum, Stanyukovich Shekhter(1959), 664-753 (Expln in condensed media) 9) A. Vidart MP 42, 83-144 (I960) (Calcn of characteristics of condensed expls) 10) Andreev Belyaev (I960), 193-210 (Deton of condensed expls) 11) L.G. Bolkhovitinov, DoklAkadN 130, 1044-46(1960) (Low-speed deton of liquid expls) 11a) 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 469 98, A.W. Campbell et al, "The Shock Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives 12) R.F. Chaiken, JChemPhys 33, 760(1960) in 3rdONRSymp-Deton(1960), pp 304-08 (Comments on hyper-velocity wave in condensed expls 12a) Zel dovich Kompaneets (I960), Chapter 4 (Detonation in condensed expls) 13)... 

Detonation in Liquid Explosives - The Low-Velocity Regime , Ibid, pp 117-25 19e) S.D. Gardner J. Wackerle, "Interactions of Detonation Waves in Condensed Explosives , Ibid, pp 154-55 19f) W.E. 

Dremin discussed in the 12thSympCombstn (1968), pp 691 99 critical phenomena in liquid explosives... 

Fig 3 Typical Test Vessel Configuration Used for Initiation and Growth Studies of Liquid Explosives... 

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