Injuries causes

Soft Tissue Injuries. Some of the more common soft tissue injuries are sprains, strains, contusions, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress injuries, caused by damaged tendons, muscles, and ligaments. A sprain is a soft tissue injury to the ligaments. Certain sprains are often associated with small fractures. This type of injury is normally associated with a localized trauma event. The severity of the sprain depends on how much of the ligament is torn and to what extent the ligament is detached from the bone. The areas of the human body that are most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. 

A contusion is an injury to soft tissue in which the skin is not penetrated, but swelling of broken blood vessels causes a bmise. The bmise is caused by a blow of excessive force to muscle, tendon, or ligament tissue. A bmise, also known as a hematoma, is caused when blood coagulates around the injury causing swelling and discoloring skin. Most contusions are mild and respond well to rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the injured area. 

Trigger finger An industrial injury caused by a constriction of the tendon characterized by the inability to bend or straighten a finger. 

All parameters of interest with respect to fragmentation will be discussed. The extent of damage or injury caused by these fragments is, however, not covered in this volume. (Parameters of the terminal phase include first, fragment density and velocity at impact, and second, resistance of people and structures to fragments.)... 

Mahajna, A. et al. Blunt and penetrating injuries caused by rubber bullets during the IsraeU-Arab conflict in October 2000 A retrospective study. Lancet, 359, 1795-1800, 2002. 

Mulligan, M.S., Hevel, J.M., Morletta, M.A. and Ward, P.A. (1991). Tissue injury caused by deposition of immune complexes is L-aiginine dependent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 6338-6342. 

S. E. Lindow, Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic ice-nucle-ation-active bacteria. Plant Disease March ill (1983). 

Limitation of the loss. The damage and injury caused if an incident occurs pressure relief, plant layout, provision of fire-fighting equipment. 

Strel tsova, V. N. and Moskalev, Yu.I. (1961). Radiation Injury Caused by Cerium-144 in Dogs, Rabbits, Rats, and Mice, Report No. LF-tr-79 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Ulrich JA et al (2007) ISSLS prize winner repeated disc injury causes persistent inflammation. Spine 32(25) 2812—2819... 

Some horticultural crops such as sweet potatoes, bananas, and pineapples can suffer from chilling injury at low temperatures (Lee and Kader 2000). Chilling injury causes accelerated losses in ascorbic acid content of chilling-sensitive crops. Destruction of ascorbic acid can occur before development of any visible symptoms of chilling injury (Lee and Kader 2000). 

Bowel injuries caused by penetrating, blunt, or iatrogenic trauma that are repaired within 12 hours and intraoperative contamination of the operative field by enteric contents under other circumstances should be treated with antibiotics 24 hours. 

Occupational illness Any abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or diseases that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. 

Since the elderly use many drugs they are at high risk for medication errors and also for medication injuries, causing waste of resources and human suffering... 

Several other properties of selected dietary fibers may influence the bioavailability of calcium directly or indirectly. Those fibers which have cation exchange capabilities such as acid polysaccharides due to free carboxyl groups on the sugar residues may bind minerals such as calcium (3,17,33,36). Loss of calcium binding protein as a result of mucosa injury caused by the feeding of some kinds of dietary fiber was credited as being the partial cause of decreased calcium absorption in everted, rat gut sac studies by Oku et al. (16). 

Cytotoxicity. The liver is the primary target organ for a variety of drugs and chemicals (Hasemen et ah, 1984 Farland et ah, 1985). The prevalence of drug-and chemical-induced liver injury is of concern because some xenobiotics can produce liver damage at dose levels that are magnitudes below that which causes cell death (Plaa, 1976). Environmental and commercial chemicals can increase this effect by as much as 100-fold (Plaa and Hewitt, 1982 Plaa, 1976). Studies of early cell injury caused by exposure to a toxicant can be undertaken easily in monolayer cultures of hepatocytes, whereas early cell injury is very difficult to assess in vivo. 

In single dose oral studies with rats, endrin treatment was associated with an increased incidence (2.4-3.5-fold) in the number of DNA single strand breaks in hepatocytes (Bagchi et al. 1992a, 1993a, 1993c Hassoun et al. 1993). DNA damage was attributed to oxidative injury caused by endrin. 

The hepatic injury caused by iproniazid could also be due to the formation of the toxic metabolite hydrazine by A-dealkylation followed by hydrolysis. Indeed, A-dealkylation is a main route in the metabolism of iproniazid, with plasma levels of hydrazine in rabbits three- to sixfold higher than after isoniazid [188],... 

Marraccini JV, Thomas GE, Ongley JP, et al. 1983. Death and injury caused by methyl bromide, an insecticide fumigant. J Forensic Sci 28 601-607. 

The rat carotid artery injured by a balloon catheter has been widely used as a model of angioplasty. The rat model is a proliferation model without foam cells (93). This form of injury causes immediate coagulation and thrombosis cascade in which platelets adhere, spread, and degranulate on the denuded surface of the artery, and approximately 24 hours later SMC begin to proliferate. Liposomal BPs, clodronate, and alendronate were injected to male sabra rats, 15 and 3mg/kg, respectively (52,69,76). Marked neointimal formation and decreased luminal area were observed in control animals. Neointima/media (N/M) ratio was 1.3 0.2, and luminal stenosis was 44 3%. LC and LA suppressed intimal growth when administered intravenously on day -1 and day 6. N/M ratios were reduced by 60% and 69% for LC and LA, respectively. 

Different dosage regimens were examined multiple doses of LC (15mg/kg) or LA (1.5mg/kg) at day —1 and day +6 were found to have same effect as one dose at day — 1. A single dose at day +6 had no effect. Treatment of LA, a single dose, at the time of injury required dose adjustment, and an increase of dose from 1.5mg/kg to 3mg/kg (76). LA administration at the time of injury caused transient suppression of monocytes, lasting less than one week, consistent with previous studies on monocyte and macrophage depletion after administration of LBP (52,96). 

MacdowalP found that tobacco leaves were most susceptible to injury by ozone (at 0.035 ppm for 5 h) just after full leaf expansion. This point corresponded to the banning of the decline in protein content. Lee modified the nitn en content of tobacco leaves by supplying urea and found a positive correlation of injury caused by ozone (at 1 ppm for 5 h) with nonprotein nitrogen, but not with protein. This result is in contrast with that of Ting and Mukeiji, who found that, in cotton leaves (in which the period of maximal susceptibility was at about 75% of full leaf expansion), the amino acid pool was low at the time of maximal susceptibility. However, ozone treatment (0.7 ppm for 1 h) increased the free amino acid pool. 

Differential susceptibility of individual clones of eastern white pine to ozone and sulfur dioxide was shown by Berry and Heggestad and Costonis. When Dochinger et a/. determined that chlorotic dwarf could be caused by an interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide, th used a chlorotic dwarf-susceptible clone to eliminate the genotype variable. Houston tested the response of tolerant and susceptible clones of eastern white pine (on the basis of symptom expression under ambient conditions) to ozone or sulfur dioxide. Injury caused by sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide plus ozone correlated well with the earlier field responses, but ozone did not produce a consistent response. They also found that a 6-h exposure to a mixture of sulfur dioxide and ozone caused a difference in needle elongation between clones within tolerant and sensitive groups. This suggests that tolerance may function over a wide range of responses. 

Oxidant injury to eastern white pine in some forest stands in the eastern United States is a significant problem. There is an important concern about injury caused by a ergistic reaction between ozone and sulfur dioxide at low concentrations. 

The importance of prompt follow up and implementation of recommendations cannot be overemphasized. The impact on a government investigator, or a jury, of recommendations made but ignored cannot be overstated. This is especially true if it appears that the recommendations were not implemented due to their costs. It is the company lawyer s nightmare to learn, for example, that a past audit identified a problem and years later, a personal injury-causing accident occurred because the problem was not fixed. 

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