IMMEDIATE RISKS

In many cases, it is not readily apparent how the potential impacts from different hazards can be translated into some common scale or measure. For example, how do you compare long term environmental damage and health risks from use of CFG refrigerants to the immediate risk of fatality from the fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards associated with many alternative refrigerants This question does not have a right answer. It is not really a scientific question, but instead it is a question of values. Individuals, companies, and society must determine how to value different kinds of risks relative to each other, and base decisions on this evaluation. 

Remember as you set priorities that you and your team must consider the expected benefit to the company, division, or unit as a whole, rather than simply addressing a single gap. Obviously, any specific immediate risk you identify in the course of your assessment must be dealt with quickly and responsibly however, be careful not to let anomalous findings skew your perspective on broader priorities. For example, the absence of a capital project review process is a significant gap. However, if there is only one project per year this gap may have lower priority than an existing but seriously deficient operator training program. 

Many of the statements in this exercise contain obvious and immediate risks and consequences to the person carrying out the action, or to others, whilst for some statements the risks and consequences are less obvious, especially for young people. Some actions may even seem exciting and attractive due to the risk content, or because of the challenge of a dare, or just to impress others. 

Severely neutropenic patients Itraconazole oral solution as treatment for oropharyngeal and/or esophageal candidiasis was not investigated in severely neutropenic patients. Because of its pharmacokinetic properties, itraconazole oral solution is not recommended for initiation of treatment in patients at immediate risk of systemic candidiasis. 

Given an inadequate drug response, or in patients with manic delirium who pose an immediate risk to themselves or others, we would consider ECT. Although BILAT stimulus electrode placement may be more effective than unilateral (UND) placement, this conclusion is currently only tentative, given the small number of patients studied. Finally, the combined use of ECT plus an antipsychotic may benefit the most treatment-resistant patient and has not been reported to induce serious adverse events (303, 304, 305 and 306). 

In the UK, the use of animals is regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986. For a general account of controls over the use of animals in science see Monamy (2000). For restrictions on the use of humans in medical research see World Medical Association (2000). So, for example, the European Commission rebuked a group of its scientific advisers for publicly disagreeing with its decision to ban the use of phthalate softeners in certain baby toys. The scientists on a committee that advised on phthalates did not consider that the evidence of harm was sufficient to warrant a ban, but the Commission retorted that this decision was not one for the scientists, as the conclusion that there is a serious and immediate risk is a responsibility of the commission. This concept is not scientifically defined (from ENDS Environment Daily, Friday 26 November 1999). 

Residues at the MRL in a food commodity usually result in intakes well below the ADI. As a result, residues above the MRL do not represent any immediate risk to a consumer. A residue will need to be many times greater than the MRL in a food before the ADI is approached by the consumer. However, in the face of strict trade requirements, a residue above the MRL could mean failure to meet specifications and loss of access to export markets. 

In severe ocular bums with complete loss of the limbal vascularization, other than the predictable impossibility of secondary re-epithelialization, there is an immediate risk of necrosis for the anterior segment. In order to restore the limbal circulation and to block the evolution towards a necrosis or an aseptic ulceration, a Tenon s plastics may be realized. It consists in the making of a Tenon s advancement flap located at the level of the limbus [4-8]. The intervention must be realized as soon as the necrotic tissues have been removed. The dissection starts in the equatorial region and continues at the back of the conjunctival sacs. The flaps must be 1-2 mm thick. Their elastic consistency helps their advancement. The flap is sutured to the... 

Lead is a solid that melts at 327°C. Simply handling pieces of lead shot or lead foil should pose no appreciable health risk for students. Mercury. on the other hand, is a liquid of significant vapor pressure, and working with metallic mercury is known to be hazardous. The long term risk of breathing mercury vapor applies to all students, but there is a special, more immediate risk for the student who happens to be pregnant. 

Life-threatening adverse drug experience means any adverse drug experience that places the patient or subject, in the view of the investigator, at immediate risk of death from the reaction as it occurred, i.e., it does not include a reaction that, had it occurred in a more severe form, might have caused death. 

Others outside the immediate risk appraisal or risk management process are informed and engaged. 

Any patients with burns and concomitant trauma (such as fractures) in which the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity or mortality. In such cases, if the trauma poses the greater immediate risk, the patient may be initially stabilized in a trauma center before being transferred to a burn unit. Physician judgment will be necessary in such situations and should be in concert with the regional medical control plan and triage protocols. 

Where the continuation of a clinical study poses, in FDA s judgment, an immediate and substantial danger to human subjects, the agency may order immediate termination of an IND, subject to possible reinstatement. Where no such immediate risk is present, however, if FDA proposes to withdraw an IND, the agency will notify the sponsor in writing and provide 30 days to submit any corrections or explanations. The sponsor s failure to respond within the specified time frame results in the termination of the IND. The sponsor, however, may request a formal hearing if FDA refuses to accept a submitted correction or explanation. 

In travelers who are at immediate risk for drug-resistant falciparum malaria, a loading dose of mefloquine may be considered. Mefloquine is administered at 250 mg daily for 3 days before travel, followed by 250 mg once weekly while in the endemic area and... 

The solution reached predicts that phosphate should move no deeper than 1 meter after ten years, and the shallow well is at no immediate risk from phosphate contamination. Nitrate contamination of the well would, however, be likely because NO3 is a very mobile anion. 

Spheramine is administered in one session of stereotactic neurosurgery and no follow-up operations or tuning sessions are required, as is the case for deep brain stimulation. The immediate risk of surgery is thought to be the same as for deep brain stimulation, but the cumulative risk, including that caused by hardware remaining in the brain and repeated surgery in the case of electric stimulator implantation, may be lower. 

Cholestech Corp. (Hayward, CA) (Inverness Medical Innovations Incorporated) Diagnostic tools and immediate risk assessment and therapeutic monitoring of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases... 

Member states may adopt emergency measures when a product poses a serious and immediate risk. In this case the Commission, with the assistance of a Safety Committee, and the member state cooperate to expedite the actions according to the urgency of the matter. The Committee s opinion shall be delivered to the Commission in a timely matter not to exceed one month. The Commission shall then adopt the measure, and the member states shall take all necessary measures to implement the decisions within ten days. Measures requiring the withdrawal of a product from the market shall consider the need to encourage distributors, users, and consumers to contribute to the implementation of such measures. 

If goods give rise to a serious doubt as to the existence of serious and immediate risks ... 

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