Hazardous liquids

The generation of hazardous wastes by spillage must also be considered. The quantities of hazardous wastes that are involved in spiUage usually are not known. After a spUl, the wastes requiring collection and disposal are often significantly greater than the amount of spiUed wastes, especially when an absorbing material, such as straw, is used to soak up liquid hazardous wastes or when the soU into which a hazardous liquid waste has percolated must be excavated. Both the straw and hquid and the soU and the liqmd are classified as hazardous wastes. 

The instimtion, or development in consultation with the customer, of a safe unloading procedure (e.g. as exemplified in Table 15.18 for non-pressurized hazardous liquids). 

A basie safety audit eovering design and system of work features to be eovered for the loading/ unloading of non-pressurized hazardous liquids to/from tankers of tank eontainers is given in Table 15.18. 

Table 15.18 Basic safety audit checklist for loading/unloading non-pressurised hazardous liquids tankers or tank containers...

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water Solid has very slow reaction no hazard. Liquid spatters when in contact with water Reactivity with Common Materials No reaction Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Water and sodium bicarbonate Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

PR valves normally in vapor service, but which under any single contingency may discharge flammable, corrosive or hazardous liquids. 

As the name implies, the liquid injection incinerator is confined to hazardous liquids, slurries, and sludges with a viscosity value of 10,000 SUS (Saybold universal seconds) or less. This limitation reflects the requirement that a liquid waste be converted to a gas before combustion. This change is brought about in the combustion chamber and is generally expedited by increasing the waste surface area through atomiziition. An ideal droplet size is... 

Clean up in such a way tliat the hazardous material is removed and does not produce a future danger. It may be necessary to pump out a hazardous liquid or to remove contaminated soil, etc. Decontamination procedures may be necessaiy. See EPA s Standard Operating Safety Guides for instructions for decontamination required following exposure to different danger levels of liazmds... 

Flash point of a flammable liquid The lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapors to form a flammable mixture with air (or pure oxygen, a special case) at or near the surface of the liquid or within its confined container. Some hazardous liquids have flash points at or below ordinary room temperatures and normally are covered by a layer of flammable vapors that will ignite immediately if a source of ignition is brought in contact [32]. Flash points are measured by open cup and closed cup methods. The open cup data is applicable to liquid in open containers and in open pools and usually somewhat higher temperatures than the closed cup. Refer to... 

Concerns have been expressed about incineration on land and in the water. EPA s Science Advisory Board, in a 1984 report entitled Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Waste, stated, "The concept of destmction efficiency used by the EPA was found to be incomplete and not useful for subsequent exposure assessments." It was recommended that the emissions and... 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Science Advisory Board. Incineration of Hazardous Liquid Waste. Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. 

Our goals in designing the immersion testing system were (i) to emulate or improve upon operations as specified in the manual immersion test method, (ii) to increase sample throughput, (iii) to improve the precision and accuracy of measurements, (iv) to establish procedures for testing materials in hazardous liquids, and (v) to provide sufficient flexibility to handle different types of specimens and enable future expansion of operations. 

The parameter p (= 7(5 ) in gas-liquid sy.stems plays the same role as V/Aex in catalytic reactions. This parameter amounts to 10-40 for a gas and liquid in film contact, and increases to lO -lO" for gas bubbles dispersed in a liquid. If the Hatta number (see section 5.4.3) is low (below I) this indicates a slow reaction, and high values of p (e.g. bubble columns) should be chosen. For instantaneous reactions Ha > 100, enhancement factor E = 10-50) a low p should be selected with a high degree of gas-phase turbulence. The sulphonation of aromatics with gaseous SO3 is an instantaneous reaction and is controlled by gas-phase mass transfer. In commercial thin-film sulphonators, the liquid reactant flows down as a thin film (low p) in contact with a highly turbulent gas stream (high ka). A thin-film reactor was chosen instead of a liquid droplet system due to the desire to remove heat generated in the liquid phase as a result of the exothermic reaction. Similar considerations are valid for liquid-liquid systems. Sometimes, practical considerations prevail over the decisions dictated from a transport-reaction analysis. Corrosive liquids should always be in the dispersed phase to reduce contact with the reactor walls. Hazardous liquids are usually dispensed to reduce their hold-up, i.e. their inventory inside the reactor. 

Specifically, the improved solidification (cementation) technology involves the use of (a) a special dry powder admixture for the generation of a nonsoluble crystalline formation deep within the pores and capillary tracts of the concrete—a crystalline structure that permanently seals the concrete against the penetration or movement of water and other hazardous liquids from any direction (b) special nonmetal reinforced bars for enhancing the concrete block s tensile and compressive strengths and (c) a unique chemical crystallization treatment for the waterproofing and protection of the concrete block s surface. 

Small areas Ventilate to remove vapor. Because the boiling point of some cyanide agents is near normal room temperature (70°F), agent vapors may condense on cooler surfaces and pose a percutaneous hazard. Liquids can then revolatilize when the temperature rises. If deemed necessary, wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water. Collect and place the rinseate and place in containers lined with high-density polyethylene. 

EDM Services Inc., Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Risk Assessment. California State Fire Marshal, Sacramento, CA, 1993. 

In addition to causing injuries and fatalities to plant personnel and the public, reactive incidents can also result in environmental harm and equipment damage. These impacts may be due to fires, explosions, hazardous liquid spills, toxic gas releases, or any combination of such (Figure 6). Fires and explosions are the most frequent occurrence in CSB data, followed by toxic gas releases. 

Altogether, the risks of failure of C02 pipelines are considered lower than the risks associated with pipelines for hazardous liquids. Compared with natural gas, the occurrence of failures is considered to be in the same level but with significantly fewer harmful consequences (Gale and Davison, 2002). 

Liquefied natural gas facilities federal safety standards Transportation of hazardous liquids by pipeline... 

The PSA of 1987 is currently promulgated by the DOT Office of Pipeline Safety under the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act as summarized in Table 2.3. Petroleum releases are addressed under 40 CFR Part 195 which is subdivided into six subparts (Subparts A through F). Although these regulations apply to pipeline facilities and the transportation of hazardous liquids associated with those facilities in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, they do not apply to transportation of hazardous liquids via the following ... 

Transportation by vessel, aircraft, tank truck, tank car, or other vehicle or terminal facilities used exclusively to transfer hazardous liquids between such modes of transportation. 

A revised wall chart, with standardised disposal procedures for 396 toxic and hazardous chemicals, which is useful in the storeroom as well as in the laboratory [1], A guidance manual has been developed by EPA in the US to assist in the selection and use of sorbent materials to control industrial spillages of hazardous liquids [2],... 

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) have higher boiling temperatures, are less hazardous liquids, and are also popular... 

For flammable or hazardous liquids, auxiliary connections to the pressure casing shall be socket welded, butt welded, or integrally flanged. Field connections shall terminate in a flange. 

Attachment of suction and discharge nozzles shall be by means of full-fusion, full-penetration welds. Weld neck flanges are required for pumps handling flammable or hazardous liquids. Dissimilar metal weldments are not allowed. 

Much of the current interest in using analytical-scale SFE systems comes from the need to replace conventional liquid solvent extraction methods with sample preparation methods that are faster, more efficient, have better potential for automation, and also reduce the need for large volumes of potentially hazardous liquid solvents. The need for alternative extraction methods is emphasized by current efforts to reduce the use of methylene chloride as an extraction fluid for environmental sample preparation [158]. The potential for applying SFE to a wide variety of environmental and biological samples for both qualitative and quantitative analyses is widely described in reviews [159-161] and the references therein. Analytical-scale SFE is most often applied to relatively small samples (e.g., several grams or less). 

A few selected hazardous solid wastes, and hazardous liquid wastes stored in drums/tanks, are described below for reference. 

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