Explosion fires

Here we shall restrict consideration to safety and health considerations that can be built in while the design is developing rather than the detailed hazard and operability studies that take place in the later stages of design. The three major hazards in process plants are fire, explosion, and toxic release. ... 

Hot Work. The objective of a hot work standard is to prevent fires, explosions, and other causes of injury which might result from workplace ignition sources such as welding (qv), cutting, grinding, and use of electrically powered tools. The OSHA standards have specific requirements (36,94) for fire prevention and protection and a permit system. 

Deflagration of vapor caused by air leakage into equipment operating under vacuum. Possibility of fire/explosion. 

Ignition of condensed flammable vapor or solid deposits in ductwork/ piping. Possibility of fire/explosion. 

Inadequate ventilation in ducts due to partial obstructions or closed dampers leading to creation of flammable atmosphere. Possibility of fire/explosion. 

Hot feed Provide and maintain an automated inerting (increases system—oxygen concentration or pressure fire/explosion risk controlled with flammable. Eliminate leakage sources (ftimes/air) solvents). Use alternative solvents (nonflammable or less flammable) Reduce feed temperature and/or monitor temperature of feed and interlock with feed shutdown NFPA 69... 

Batch dryer operation resulting in a high peak evaporation rate of flammable solvent causing buildup of flammables. Possibility of fire/explosion. 

Vacuum transfer into reactor, drum or feed tank runs dry, resulting in air being pulled into vessel, creating flammable atmosphere. Potential for fire/explosion. 

Ignition of flammable atmosphere for open filters or solvent may be above flash point with air present when cleaning or unplugging closed filters. This may necessitate tight control of ignition sources to prevent a fire/explosion. 

Process Safety A discipline that focuses on the prevention and mitigation of fires, explosions, and accidental chemical releases at process facilities. Excludes classic worker health and safety issues involving working surfaces, ladders, protective equipment, etc. 

Have there been fires, explosions or chemical release incidents If yes, request the incident investigation data, including actions taken to prevent a reoccurrence. 

Tollers may have an emergency response plan that requires their personnel to respond in an emergency such as a fire, explosion or release. Other tollers may call upon local responders and evacuate. It is essential that training for responders on the emergency response plan procedures should be up-to-date prior to startup of the new toll. For companies in the U.S. that are required to register... 

Have there been fires, explosions or chemical release incidents If yes, explain. 

Emergency response plan A written plan which addresses actions to take in case of plant fire, explosion or accidental chemical release. 

We expect to lose Y dollars per year as a result of fire/explosion accidents in this process unit. 

On release, vapours heavier than air tend to spread (i.e. to slump ) at low level and will aeeumulate in pits, sumps, depressions in ground, ete. This may promote a fire/explosion hazard, or a toxie hazard, or eause an oxygen-defieient atmosphere to form, depending on the ehemieal. 

Figure 7.3 Remote versus non-remote manufacturing requirements and fire/explosion safeguards...

Oxidation Feedstocks generally hydrocarbons Hazard of fire/explosion arises from contact of flammable material with oxygen Reactions highly exothermic equilibrium favours complete reaction... 

Hydroprocesses Hydrogen is chemically stable and relatively unreactive at ordinary temperatures most processes utilizing it require a catalyst. Above 500°C it reacts readily with oxygen and confined flammable mixtures explode violently if ignited Main hazards fire, explosion, metallurgical problems arising from hydrogen attack... 

---