Richter scale

The magnitude of shocks and vibrations caused by an earthquake is the measure of energy released (E) at the focal point in the form of seismic waves. It is measured on a Richter scale. An American seismologist called... 

The explosion killed two workers, injured 350 local residents, destroyed property up to 20 miles away, and damaged 50% of Henderson s 17,000 residential and commercial buildings. The two largest blasts registered 3.0 ajid 3.5 on the Richter scale hundreds of miles away in Cdifomia, cars were crumpled, doors blown off their hinges, and windows shattered for miles around. Uninsured losses were more than 20 million, plus 3 million more in insurance deductibles. Just as serious, were the psychological and emotional impact of the explosions, on schoolchildren and adults. 

Tlie difference between die magnitude of a large eardiquake, as measured on die Richter scale, and die dweshold value of 3.25 is a random variable X having die pdf... 

The key to all this is that the scale of measurement of most (if not all) variables is arbitrary. Although we are most familiar with a linear scale of measurement, there is nothing which makes this the correct scale on its own, as opposed to a logarithmic scale [familiar logarithmic measurements are that of pH values, or earthquake intensity (Richter scale)]. Transforming a set of data (converting X to X ) is really as simple as changing a scale of measurement. 

Event 1 Explosion—Ammonium nitrate. Azote de France Factory, Toulouse, France (September 21, 2001). 30 killed (7 off-site), 800 hospitalized, 2,400 injured, shock wave of 3.4 on the Richter scale, 50-foot crater resulted 500 homes uninhabitable and 85 schools or colleges damaged chemical releases and structural damages at other facilities (Dechy et al. 2004). 

Logarithms are especially useful for expressing values that span a range of powers of 10. The Richter scale for earthquakes, the decibel scale for sound, and the pH scale for acids and bases all use logarithmic scales. 

In theory, the PEEP index can vary from 0 to infinity. In practice, it has been shown to produce values ranging from 0 to about 10, thereby simulating a readily-understandable "environmetal Richter scale" indicative of point source industrial toxicity. 

Numerical PEEP index values are the log10 expression of an effluent s toxic loading (= toxic potential of effluent generated with a relevant battery of toxicity tests multiplied bv effluent flow) and normally vary between 0 and 10. The PEEP scale can thus be considered as a type of environmental Richter scale for... 

The separation of capsaicinoid mixtures is important to assess the Scoville value of food spiced with chili pepper [42]. This Richter scale of pungency was devised by the Arizona pharmacist Scoville in 1902 to measure the pungency of peppers (see also Section 4.8). In its original version, the Scoville scale was sensory, being... 

There is no reason to believe that the risks to children will diminish anytime soon. Scientists predict a long cycle of severe climatic perturbations and major storms. Many areas of the United States are relatively overdue for calamities, such as a high Richter scale earthquake on the West Coast. 

Richter scale - A scale that indicates the magnitude of an earthquake by providing a measure of the total energy released from the source of the quake the source of an earthquake is the segment of the fault that has slipped. 

The Rayleigh and Love waves propagate at the surface of the Earth. Because of their mechanism, which is essentially symmetrical, and in contrast to earthquakes, the explosions generate very few surface waves. The amplitude of the surface waves enables the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale to be calculated. An earthquake of = 7.0 (approximately 30 earthquakes of magnitude greater than this value occur per year in the world) causes ground displacements of approximately 100 pm at 10,000 km. This is not the case for explosions, for which the surface waves are almost undetectable their amplitude is only a few micrometres at 1000 kilometres from a 100-kt explosion. 

On December 26, 2004, the most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years, registering 9.0 on the Richter scale, struck near the northern tip of Sumatra. Tsunamis generated by the quake radiated around the Indian Ocean. Within minutes, Sumatra was pounded by waves more than 32.8 feet (10 m) tall. Somalia, on the opposite side of the ocean basin, was blasted with 13.1-foot (4-m)-tall waves eight hours later. 

Problem Students are formally aware, that a 10-1 molar HC1 shows a pH value of 1, the 10 2 molar HC1 has a pH value of 2. Despite this knowledge, they often cannot transfer the fact that a dilution of the factor 1 10 is necessary in order to arrive from the first to the second solution. In this experiment, they should take into account, that the change of pH values from 1 to 2 is equivalent to the dilution of 1 10, that the dilution of 1 100 results to the change of two pH units the pH values do not relate to a linear scale, but rather to a logarithmic scale (like the Richter Scale in the measurement of earthquakes). 

Magnitude is a quantitative measurement of the total energy released during an earthquake. In the United States., the magnitude of an earthquake can be measured using a logarithmic scale known as the Richter Scale. ... 

On May 12, 2008, just one day before the symposium, a major earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Wenchuan County in southwest China s Sichuan province. It is the biggest disaster in Chinese history. As many as 70,000 people died, 20,000 people were missing and millions of people became homeless. To express our sympathy and help the people in the earthquake area, the symposium participants benevolently donated more than 1200 US dollars during the symposium. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, 1 would like to thank all of the donors for their kind support to the people in earthquake area. 

W. Richter, Scale-Up and Advanced Performance Analysis of Boiler Combustion Chambers, ASME paper No. 85-WA/HT-80, ASME, New York, 1985. 

The magnitude is given on the Richter scale, which was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquake. On... 

October 23rd, 2009 Bayamon, Puerto Rico Fire and explosion in a fuel storage Several persons injured including 3 rescue workers Evacuation of 1,500 persons from their homes Petrol cloud of 600 m diameter formed before ignition, explosion causing an earthquake of 2.8 on the Richter scale, buildings damaged in a radius >1.6 km... 

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