Damage, or Loss

After the contact, luck again plays a role in determining the outcome of the contact. The outcome could be injury to people, damage to property, or process interruption. We have no control over the outcome of the contact. Once the accident sequence is set in motion, no control activity whatsoever can determine the outcome. 

If the contact results in an injury, the severity is dependent on luck. The injury may be minor, disabling, or fatal. The outcome of the injury is fortuitous and depends on luck. The end result of a contact cannot be predicted or controlled. 

The HSE of the United Kingdom condncted an extensive study, which is summarized as follows  

Any simple measurement of performance in terms of accident (injury) frequency rates or accident/incident rate is not seen as a reliable guide to the safety performance of an undertaking. The report finds there is no clear correlation between such measurements and the work conditions, in injury potential, or the severity of injuries that have occurred. A need exists for more accurate measurements so that a better assessment can be made of efforts to control foreseeable losses. 

The final phase of the accident sequence and the last link in the chain reaction is costs. All contacts result in some form of loss. Losses could include both direct and indirect costs of the accident. Model 2.7 shows the iceberg effect where the property damage costs could be 60 to 100 times greater than the direct costs. The totally hidden costs of the accident also are losses that are hard to determine, but which exists nevertheless. 

If the contact results in an injury, we are again dependent on luck. The injury may be minor, disabling, or fatal. The outcome of the exchange of energy and subsequent injury is fortuitous and depends on luck. The end result of a contact cannot be predicted or controlled. Contact safety controls (at the time of the energy exchange), such as personal protective equipment, safety belts, and vehicle air bags, contribute to help reduce the severity of injuries, which are hard to predict. 

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The primary factor in filter replacement is pressure drop. Typically, HEPA filters are replaced when the pressure drop exceeds 100 mm WG. By specification, FIEPA filters must have sufficient structural pressure to withstand a continuously applied overpressure of 250 mm WG or higher for at least 15 minutes without visible damage or loss of efficiency. 

Leck-salz, n. (Agric.) salt in block form, -scha-den, m. damage or loss from leaking. -Strom,... 

Finally, the useful life of an analytical column is increased by introducing a guard column. This is a short column which is placed between the injector and the HPLC column to protect the latter from damage or loss of efficiency caused by particulate matter or strongly adsorbed substances in samples or solvents. It may also be used to saturate the eluting solvent with soluble stationary phase [see Section 8.2(2)]. Guard columns may be packed with microparticulate stationary phases or with porous-layer beads the latter are cheaper and easier to pack than the microparticulates, but have lower capacities and therefore require changing more frequently. 

There are differences in terminology on the meaning of risk in the published literature that can lead to confusion. Risk has been defined in various ways (CPQRA, 2000, pp. 5, 6). In this edition of the handbook, risk is defined as "a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and magnitude of the injury, damage, or loss. Risk implies a probability of something occurring. 

In many locations around the world dams are essential for agriculture and urban water supply. While the benefits of these structures are obvious, the risk of damage or loss of life due to unexpected failure of the dam can be overlooked by the general populace. A systematic assessment of the hazards posed by possible dam failures is useful for disaster planning, emergency response, and flood warnings. 

A firefighter is filling out fire reports on a fire in which there was one death, no equipment damage or loss, and one injury in addition to the death. Which forms must the firefighter complete ... 

Peril Insurance terminology for risk, possible cause of injury, or event causing damage or loss. 

Assessment of Off-site Property Damage or Loss of Business... 

The harvest season in Washington State is somewhat shorter than in California. It generally begins during the third week of September. To avoid potential damage or losses through frost or freeze damage, it is necessary to complete the harvest no later than the first week of November. Wolfe... 

Elastin is the protein in connective tissues that allows them to undergo large shape and size changes without damage or loss of strength. 

Disaster A sudden, unplanned calamitous event that creates an inability on an organization s part to provide critical business functions for some period of time, which results in great damage or loss. [Defined for this book.]... 

Serious incidents may be predicated by a number of less-severe related incidents resulting in minor or even no loss. Such predicating events may be low-consequence incidents such as loss of containment into a diked area, near misses, or failures in which no injuries, damage, or loss occurred. This relationship between no- or low-impact events and actual process safety incidents is demonstrated in the process safety pyramid (see Figure 1.2). ... 

Changing the drive geometry without needing to can cause long-term data damage or loss. 

Hepatic Disease. The liver retains the ability to synthesize even increased amounts of albumin until parenchymal damage or loss is severe, with the loss of 50% to 95% of function. Thus other mechanisms are responsible for the decreased levels seen in most cases of hepatocellular disease." These include, among others, increased immunoglobulin levels, third space loss (extravasation into the extravascular space), and direct inhibition of synthesis... 

Liner failure Leachate leakage Hydrogeological Groundwater I )table water supply The public Rivers etc and associated flora and fauna Pollution of groundwater Loss of apoiable supply Public health risk Damage or loss of flora and fauna... 

Accidents are caused by a sequence of events, a combination of circumstances and activities similar to the snowball or domino effect. These events eventually culminate in a loss. The loss, caused by contact with a source of energy, may be an injury, damage, or business interruption. Due to some unexplained circumstance, sometimes called fortuity or luck, if the event does not end in loss, it is usually termed a near-miss incident. The factors leading up to an accident are there, but the event is interrupted, as there is no exchange of energy, or no contact with the energy, and therefore no injury, property damage, or loss is experienced. 

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