Compression shock

Ross M 1968 Shock compression of argon and xenon. IV. Oonversion of xenon to a metal-like state Phys. Rev. 171 777... 

Hamilton D C, Mitchell A C and Nellis W J 1986 Electrical conductivity measurements in shock compressed liquid nitrogen Shock M/aves in Condensed Matter (Proc. 4th Am. Phys. Soc. Top. Conf.) p 473... 

Trunin R F 1998 Shock Compression of Condensed Maffer (Cambridge Cambridge University Press)... 

Asay J R and Shahinpour M (eds) 1993 High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids (New York Springer) Bridgman P W 1958 The Physics of High Pressure (London G Beii and Sons)... 

Graham R A 1993 Solids under High-Pressure Shock Compression (New York Springer)... 

Horie Y and Sawaoka A B 1993 Shock Compression Chemistry of Materials (Tokyo KTK Scientific)... 

Proceedings of the biannual Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression Science, the most recent of which is ... 

Schmidt S C, Dandekar D P and Forbes J W (eds) 1998 Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, 1997 (AlP Conf. Proc. vol 429) (College... 

Shock Synthesis. When graphite is strongly compressed and heated by the shock produced by an explosive charge, some (up to 10%) diamond may form (26,27). These crystaUite diamonds are small (on the order of 1 llm) and appear as a black powder. The peak pressures and temperatures, which are maintained for a few microseconds, are estimated to be about 30 GPa (300 kbar) and 1000 K. It is beheved that the diamonds found in certain meteorites were produced by similar shock compression processes that occurred upon impact (5). 

Introduction to High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids... 

The present book, with contributions from a group of very knowledgable scientists in the field, is an attempt to provide a basis for addressing Bridgman s concerns. The response requires multidisciplinary contributions from solid mechanics, solid-state physics, materials science, and solid-state chemistry. Certainly, advances in theory, experimentation, and numerical simulation are impressive, and many aspects of shock-compressed solids have been studied in detail. At the fundamental level, however, it is certainly appropriate to question how well shock-compression processes are understood. 

Under what circumstances are shock-compression events encountered, and what is shock-compression science ... 

Shock-compression processes are encountered when material bodies are subjected to rapid impulsive loading, whose time of load application is short compared to the time for the body to respond inertially. The inertial responses are stress pulses propagating through the body to communicate the presence of loads to interior points. In our everyday experience, such loadings are the result of impact or explosion. To the untrained observer, such events evoke an image of utter chaos and confusion. Nevertheless, what is experienced by the human senses are the rigid-body effects the time and pressure resolution are not sufficient to sense the wave phenomena. 

Some wave phenomena, familiar to many people from the human senses, include the easy undulation of water waves from a dropped stone or the sharp shock of the sonic boom from high-speed aircraft. The great power and energy of shock events is apparent to the human observer as he stands on the rim of the Meteor Crater of Arizona. Human senses provide little insight into the transition from these directly sensed phenomena to the high-pressure, shock-compression effects in solids. This transition must come from development of the science of shock compression, based on the usual methods of scientific experimentation, theoretical modeling, and numerical simulation. 

Relative to the difficulties in establishing shock compression, as a serious science, Duvall [4] has observed ... 

At the present time, it is still necessary to study various review articles to develop a perspective and depth into the status of the work on shock compression of solids. Fortunately, there are a number of readily accessible reviews, which collect and analyze a good portion of the work in the field. Table 1.2 lists those review articles that provide a broad coverage of the field. 

R.A. Graham, Solids Under High-Pressure Shock Compression Mechanics, Physics and Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993. 

The ideas developed in this chapter are descriptive of shock waves in fluids. Solids have many significant features that distinguish them from liquids and gases, such as shear strength, polymorphic phase transformations, heterogeneous structure, anisotropy, and viscoplastic behavior. The influences of these special properties of solids on shock compression are the topics of several of the other chapters, and for the most part are ignored in this introduction to the basic principles of shock compression. 

After shock compression, the average separation of the beads is less than the original separation, /. When the shock has advanced to the nth bead in time jlv, the piston has advanced n//2. The linear density of beads is then 2m/(/ + 2d), which implies that the compression ratio is... 

In (2.19), F has been replaced by P because force and pressure are identical for a one-dimensional system. In (2.20), S/m has been replaced by E, the specific internal energy (energy per unit mass). Note that all of these relations are independent of the physical nature of the system of beads and depend only on mechanical properties of the system. These equations are equivalent to (2.1)-(2.3) for the case where Pg = 0. As we saw in the previous section, they are quite general and play a fundamental role in shock-compression studies. 

Thermodynamic Effects of Shock Compression and the Hugoniot Curve... 

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