Cellular infiltration

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore steroids represent the most important and most frequently used medication. Already after the fust treatment, steroids reduce cellular infiltration, inflammation, and the LAR, whereas changes in the EAR require prolonged treatment to lower the existent IgE levels. The mechanisms of steroid actions are complex and only incompletely understood. Besides their general antiinflammatory properties (see chapter glucocorticoids), the reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 production from T-lymphocytes is particularly important for asthma therapy. The introduction of inhaled steroids, which have dramatically limited side effects of steroids, is considered one of the most important advancements in asthma therapy. Inhaled steroids (beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, triamcinolone, momethasone) are used in mild, moderate, and partially also in severe asthma oral steroids are used only in severe asthma and the treatment of status asthmaticus. Minor side effects of most inhaled steroids are hoarseness and candidasis, which are avoided by the prodrug steroid ciclesonide. 

Varney VA. Hamid QA. Gaga M. Ying S. Jacobson M, Frew AJ. Kay AB. Durham SR Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. J Clin Invest 1993 92 644-651. 

CCL5 Serum SF Synovium ELISA ELISA ISH (mRNA) Increased levels compared with OA samples. Highest levels present in patients with follicular synovitis compared with those with diffuse synovitis. Higher levels compared with OA and gout. Increased expression in the cellular infiltrate compared with OA but not PA. 133, 189, 190... 

Papules are small, solid, elevated lesions that are usually less than 1 cm in diameter. They may result from metabolic deposits in the dermis, from localized dermal cellular infiltrates, or from localized hyperplasia of cellular elements in the dermis and epidermis. 

Park, H.-S., Hwange, S-C, Nahm, D-H, andYim, H., Immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular infiltrate in airway mucosa of toluene diisocyanate (TDI)- induced asthma comparison with allergic asthma, J. Korean Med. Sci., 13, 1998. 

Inflammation, cellular infiltration, pneumonia, bronchitis, endothelial hyperplasia, and capillary thrombosis occurred in guinea pigs exposed by inhalation to 26-52 ppm phenol for 41 days (Deichmann... 

Restrictive disorders Interstitial thickening Hemorrhage Cellular infiltration Abnormal surfactant production... 

A murine model of food-induced atopic dermatitis confirmed the important role of specific T cells in eczema here, C3H/HeJ mice were orally sensitized to cow s milk or peanut and thereafter exposed to the allergen. An eczematous eruption developed in approximately one third of mice after low-grade exposure to milk or peanut proteins. Histological examination of lesional skin revealed spongiosis and a cellular infiltrate mainly consisting of CD4-I- lymphocytes. 

The causes of airway narrowing in acute asthmatic attacks (or "asthma exacerbations") include contraction of airway smooth muscle inspissation of viscid mucus plugs in the airway lumen and thickening of the bronchial mucosa from edema, cellular infiltration, and hyperplasia of secretory, vascular, and smooth muscle cells. Of these causes of airway obstruction, contraction of smooth muscle is most easily reversed by current therapy reversal of the edema and cellular infiltration requires sustained treatment with antiinflammatory agents. 

A 49-year-old woman developed jaundice after taking pioglitazone 30 mg/day for 6 weeks, and after 3 weeks the alanine transaminase was 131 U/l and aspartate transaminase 79 U/l (106). Tests for viral hepatitis were negative. A liver biopsy showed marked portal edema, patchy chronic inflammation, a cellular infiltrate, and marked bile duct proliferation. There was no fibrosis. The laboratory results worsened after pioglitazone was withdrawn, and 1 month after withdrawal the bilirubin reached a peak of 585 pmol/1. Over the next 8 weeks the symptoms and laboratory tests improved, and after 6 months her condition was the same as when she had started to take pioglitazone. 

Keywords Bioactive Biomaterials Biomimetic Cellular infiltration Electrospinning Extracellular matrix Hydrogels Nanofibers Polymer scaffolds Tissue... 

In cellular infiltration of artificial or natural 3D scaffolds, the cells have to overcome the biophysical resistance given by the surrounding microenvironment. How to evenly distribute cells into such scaffolds while still maintaining or controlling the cell phenotype turns out to be a challenging task. 

Block copolymers, which combine polymer segments with different properties, are presumably the most widely examined system for the study of self-assembly to large-scale structures that have controlled structural and functional features on the nanometer length scale [80, 81]. Phase segregation of block copolymers, followed by selective degradation of one polymer block, leads to highly ordered porous 3D structures [82], The pore dimensions obtainable are in the micro- and mesoporous range (<50 nm), which do not meet the requirements for cellular infiltration. 

Early reports on electrospun scaffolds described poor cellular infiltration [175], Frequently, cells adhered at the surface and thus coated the nano- or submicrometer-scaled electrospun meshes due to the small pore size. In order to overcome this limitation, pore sizes were increased by combining ES with other methods. These approaches included the coating of microfibers with nanofibers [183], Other strategies combine ES with leaching [184, 185], freeze-drying [186], blowing agents [187], or ice templates [188],... 

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