Cytokines levels

OiFFerential effects of and etretinate on serum cytokine levels in patients with psoriasis... 

Ertenli I, Kiraz S, Calguneri M, et al. Synovial fluid cytokine levels in Behcet s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001 19(5 Suppl 24) S37 11. 

E8. Endo, S Inada, K., Nakae, H., Arakawa, N Takakuwa, T., Yamada, Y., Shimamura, T., Suzuki, M., Taniguchi, S and Yoshida, M., Nitrite/nitrate oxide (NOc) and cytokine levels in patients with septic shock. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 91,347-356 (1996). 

Soni, A., Pepper, G. M., Wyrwinski, P. M., Ramirez, N. E Simon, R., Pina, T Gruenspan, H and Vaca, C. E., Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels. Am. J. Med. 98,266-271 (1995). 

T5. Thijs, L. G and Hack, C. E Time course of cytokine levels in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 21, s258-s263 (1995). 

Differential signals correspond to differences in cytokine levels between the two samples... 

Welsh, C.J. R. et al., The effects of restraint stress on the neuropathogenesis of Theiler s virus infection II NK cell function and cytokine levels in acute disease, Brain Behav. Immun., 18, 166, 2004. 

Hypericum also has effects on cytokine levels (Thiele et al. 1994). A hypericum extract (LI 160) given to people with depression and healthy... 

The basal immunological mechanisms are complex but can now be analyzed with refined and more powerful laboratory methods, such as the microarray technique. With the help of this technique, additional information besides that concerning IgE and cytokine levels about the association between adaptive and innate immune response as well as other cellular responses can be gathered (6-8). 

Initially the level of insulin decreases, favouring increased rates of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, muscle protein degradation, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It soon increases, however, as a result of insulin resistance, when the stimulation of the above processes will depend on the cytokine levels. For details of endocrine hormone effects, see Chapter 12. For details of cytokines see Chapter 17. 

Huang etal. (2002) prepared an antibody array for the simultaneous detection of 43 cytokines. They were able to verify the down-regulation of MCP-1 cytokine in transfected cells (human glioblastoma cells transfected with cx43 expression vector) relative to control cells. The antibody array is an emerging technology. In at least one study based upon the use of a commercial membrane format, the cytokine microarray failed to accurately determine cytokine levels in bacterial and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimu-lated whole human blood (Copeland, 2004). 

Other early work includes that of Moody et al. (2001) who spotted anticytokine monoclonals onto the bottom of polystyrene microtiter plates (Max-isorp, Nalge Nunc) and measured cytokine levels in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, although not strictly a microarray, the microwell array system developed by Michael Snyder s group at Yale University to measure kinase activity is a simple and elegant approach (Zhu et al., 2000). The "protein chip" is comprised of microwells fabricated in a flexible elastomer of PDMS [poly(dimethylsiloxane)] substrate by a molding process. 

Serum cytokine levels (Luminex assay, ELISA)... 

Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cell number and differentiation Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cytokine levels (Luminex assay, ELISA)... 

Intracellular cytokine levels (Flow cytometry using fluorescent labels)... 

Intracellular cytokine levels Surface marker expression Gene expression Protein expression Signal transduction... 

Dunstan, J. A., Roper, J., Mitoulas, L., Hartmann, P. E., Simmer, K., and Prescott, S. L. (2004). The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and fatty acid composition. Clin. Exp. Allergy 34, 1237-1242. 

Erbagci, A. B., Cekmen, M. B., Balat, O., Balat, A., Aksoy, F., and Tarakcioglu, M. (2005). Persistency of high proinflammatory cytokine levels from colostrum to mature milk in preeclampsia. Clin. Biochem. 38, 712-716. 

H2. Havrdova, E., Racek, P., and JedUcka, R, Relation of intrathecal synthesis of IgG including IgG subclasses to cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. 

Immunostimulatory adjuvants exert their effects predominantly at the cytokine level or through the activation of costimulatory signals. The type of response required for optimal protection depends on the pathogen. One class of immunostimulatory adjuvants is derived from the lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. The most extensively evaluated member of this family, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), is obtained from Salmonella minnesota. MPL has been shown to induce the synthesis and release of cytokines, which promote the generation of specific immune responses. 

The studies from our group showed that curcumin inhibited pancreatic cancer in patients. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study. Patients received 8 g of curcumin orally daily until disease progression, with restaging every 2 months. Serum cytokine levels for IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of NF-kB and COX-2 were monitored. Out of 25 patients, 21 were evaluable for... 

Blood is withdrawn from mice by heart puncture and collected in Eppendorf tubes. Typically, 500 xl of blood is obtained from diseased animals. When the blood is needed for specific purposes EDTA tubes or heparin tubes can be used. Blood should be stored on ice if cytokines levels have to be determined at a later time point. 

Determine cytokines levels by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) (see Note 13). 

Ledur A, Fitting C, David B, et al. Variable estimates of cytokine levels produced by commercial ELISA kits results using international cytokine standards. 

Optical densities (OD) were read at 492 nm using an automated plate reader (Multiscan MS Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland) and cytokine levels calculated by interpolation from the standard curve (0.0-64 pg/ml). Data were corrected for protein concentration and the results expressed as pg of IL-1 f3 per mg of protein. 

Fisher, C. J., Opal, S. M., Dhainaut, J. F., Stephens, S., Zimmermann, J. L., Nightingale, P. et al. (1993). Influence of an anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody on cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. Cril. Care. Med. 21, 318-327. 

Boekstegers, P., Weidenhofer, S., Zell, R, et al. (1994). Repeated administration of a F(ab )2 fragment of an anti-tumor necrosis factor a monoclonal antibody in patients with severe sepsis Effects on the cardiovascular system and cytokine levels. Shock la, 1237-1245. 

Lysophosphatidylcholine protects mice in the lipopolysacharide-induced septic shock.11 The fact that the lipopolysacharide increases the concentration of cytokines (the same effect is observed upon the epidermal barrier disruption), and that lysophosphatidylcholine normalizes the cytokines level, provides the theoretical basis for treating disorders of the skin. 

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