Leukocyte populations

Migeotte I, Franssen J-D, Goriely S, Willems F, Parmentier M. Distribution and regulation of expression of the putative human chemokine receptor HCR in leukocyte populations. Eur J Immunol 2002 32 494-501. 

Hughes, D. A., Fowler, S., Chaplin, A J., and Morns, P. J. (1991) lmmunogold-silver staining of leukocyte populations in lung sections containing carbon particles requires cautious interpretation Histochem J 23, 196-199. 

Harish A, Hohana G, Fishman P, Amon O, Bar-Yehuda S (2003) A adenosine receptor agonist potentiates natural killer cell activity. Int J Oncol 23(4) 1245-1249 Hart DN (1997) Dendritic cells unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood 90(9) 3245-3287... 

Hart DN. 1997. Dendritic cells Unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood. 90 3245-3287. 

Chemokines are redundant in their action on target cells. Furthermore, a given leukocyte population usually has receptors for and responds to different molecules (Table 3). For example, macrophages respond to the widest range of chemokines... 

Lukacs, N. W., Stricter, R. M., Warmington, K., Lincoln P., Chensue, S. W., and Kunkel, S. L. (1997). Differential recruitment of leukocyte populations and alteration of airway hyperreactivity by C-C family chemokines in murine allergic airway inflammation. J. Immunol. 158, 4398 1404. 

Immunophenotyping either by immunohistochemistry in lymphoid tissues or flow cytometry in blood samples to enumerate changes in specific leukocyte populations. 

Donaldson K, Slight J, Bolton RE. 1988b. Oxidant production by control and inflammatory bronchoalveolar leukocyte populations treated with mineral dusts in vitro. Inflammation 12 231-243. 

Bromelain is a mixture of cysteine proteases obtained from pineapple stems (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) that has been used therapeutically for the treatment of inflammation and trauma [119]. 7n vitro, it has varied stimulatory effects on leukocyte populations, increases CD2-mediated T cell activation, enhances Ag-independent binding to monocytes, etc. The effects of bromelain have previously been attributed to its degradative action at cell surfaces. However, it also acts independent of the removal of cell surface molecules [120]. In order to investigate the possible hormonelike effects of bromelain on intracellular signalling, its effects on TCR7CD3 signalling and IL-2 production were studied. It was observed that bromelain inhibits ERK-2 activation in ThO cells stimulated via the TCR, or with combined TPA plus calcium ionophore. In addtion, bromelain decreased IL-2, IFN-y, and IL-4 mRNA accumulation in ThO cells stimulated with TPA plus calcium ionophore, while the cytokine mRNA accumulation in cells stimulated via TCR was not affected. It seems that bromelain does not act on ERK-2 directly but also inhibits p2r activation, an effector molecule upstream from ERK-2 in the Raf-1/MEKl/ERK kinase cascade. Since p21 is an effector for multiple MAPK pathways, it is likely that bromelain affects other MAPK signalling cascades, such as the INK pathway or p38 MAPK pathway [121],... 

The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, NADH (quinone) dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.5), NADH (cytochrome c) dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3), succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), and cytochrome c oxydase (EC 1.9.3.1) in five leukocyte populations were estimated (Nl). 

Galiegue S, Mary S, Marchand J, Dussossoy D, Carriere D, Carayon P, Bouaboula M, Shire D, Le Fur G, Casellas P. 1995. Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte populations. Eur J Biochem 232 54-61. 

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocyte population in the general circulation and comprise two thirds of the circulating leukocytes. PMN arise in the bone marrow (BM) from CD34+ stem cells under the influence of regulatory cytokines [1]. The exact mechanism involved in PMN release from BM is not known however, cytokines are involved in the process since in vivo administration of G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, stem cell factor, IL-1 or lL-8 results in significant mobilization of PMN and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) [1]. Clinically, cytokine treatment is employed in the collection of stem cells for BM transplantation [2], Therefore, cytokines are involved in PMN maturation and the subsequent release into the bloodstream. 

Patel L, Charlton SJ, Chambers JK, Macphee CH Expression and functional analysis of chemokine receptors in human peripheral blood leukocyte populations. Cytokine 2001 14 27. Combadiere C, Salzwedel K, Smith ED, Tiffany HL, Berger EA, Murphy PM Identification of CX3CR1. A chemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion coreceptor for HIV-1. J Biol Chem 1998 273 23799. 

The hallmark of an inflammatory response in the lung is the presence of infiltrating leukocytes. This process can occur in the context of a variety of disorders, including trauma, infection, autoimmune diseases, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), exposure to environmental/occupational noxious agents, cancer, aUograft rejection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The course of inflammation in these disease states is defined by the delicate balance and nature of inflammatory mediators expressed in the context of lung inflammation, and the specific leukocyte populations recmited in response to lung injury. 

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