Granuloma formation

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

These results show that the covalently crosslinked Adjuvax formulations were superior to the physically entrapped Adjuvax formulations. In addition, the Adjuvax crosslinked formulations were as effective in stimulating antibody titers as Freund s Adjuvant. Furthermore, animals immunized with Adjuvax did not experience local inflammatory reactions or granuloma formation which was observed with all CFA/IFA immunized animals. 

Chensue, S.W., Warmington, K.S., Ruth, J.H., Sanghi, P.S., Lincoln, P. and Kunkel, S.L. (1996) Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in Thl (mycobacterial) and Th2 (schistosomal) antigen-induced granuloma formation. Journal of Immunology 157, 4602-4608. 

Subramanian, G., Kazura, J.W., Pearlman, E., Jia, X., Malhorta, I. and King, C.L. (1997) B7-2 requirement for helminth induced granuloma formation and CD4 type 2 T helper cell cytokine expression. Journal of Immunology 158, 5914-5920. 

In addition to recurrent infection, CGD sufferers also exhibit abnormal inflammatory responses which include granuloma formation at various sites of the body (granuloma refers to a tissue outgrowth that is composed largely of blood vessels and connective tissue). This can lead to obstruction of various ducts, e.g. in the urinary and digestive tracts. 

Kaneko, H., M. Matsuo, and J. Miyamoto. 1986. Differential metabolism of fenvalerate and granuloma formation. I. Identification of a cholesterol ester derived from a specific chiral isomer of fenvalerate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 83 148-156. 

Approximately 10% of patients develop reactivation disease, which arises subsequent to the hematogenous spread of the organism. In the United States, most cases of TB are believed to result from reactivation. Occasionally, a massive inoculum of organisms may be introduced into the bloodstream, causing widely disseminated disease and granuloma formation known as miliary TB. 

Okuno Y, Seki T, Ito S, Kaneko H, Watanabe T, Yamada H, Miyamoto J (1986) Differential metabolism of fenvalerate and granuloma formation II. Toxicological significance of a lipophilic conjugate from fenvalerate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83 157-169... 

In an excellent review of the immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis, Warren (W3) reported that the egg of the schistosome parasite was the prime factor responsible for the hepatosplenomegaly in the mouse furthermore, that neonatal thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum had marked immunosuppression on the granuloma formation around schistosome eggs injected into the lungs of mice, implying that cell-mediated immunity must play some role in the protection of the host against schistosome infection. 

CGD) Defect due to mutation in neutrophil enzyme NADPH oxidase gene coding for any one of the four subunits of the enzyme Patients subject to recurrent infections by catalase-positive organisms and to granuloma formation X-Unked mutation more severe... 

In addition to recurrent infection, CGD sufferers also exhibit abnormal inflammatory responses, which include granuloma formation at various sites of the body (granuloma refers to... 

Crohn s disease is a non-specific inflammatory disease differing from ulcerative colitis in causing full thickness disease, often involving the small bowel, and/or sparing the rectum, often segmental, which is associated with full thickness Assuring and with granuloma formation. 

Turk JL, Parker D. 1977. Sensitization with Cr, Ni, and Zr salts and allergic type granuloma formation in the guinea pig. J Invest Dermatol 68 341-345. 

One description of a clinical picture that results from tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by intact cell-mediated immunity, a positive lepromin skin reaction, granuloma formation, and a relative paucity of bacilli. At the other extreme, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by depressed cell-mediated immunity, numerous bacilli within the tissues, no granulomas, and a negative skin test for lepromin. Within these two extremes are the patients with an intermediate or borderline form of leprosy who show a variable lepromin reaction and few bacilli they may progress to either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy. 

Most popular adjuvants are the incomplete and the complete forms of Freund. The incomplete adjuvant is a water-in-oil emulsion by which the antigen is slowly released, providing a long period of contact between antigen and immune system. The complete adjuvant contains heat-killed Mycobacteria that causes a local injury and granuloma formation, thus providing a nonspecific stimulus. 

As highlighted above, work on the basic immunology of granuloma formation in schistosomiasis has led to the development of... 

Chiaramonte, M.G., Schopf, L.R., Neben, T.Y., Cheever, A.W., Donaldson, D.D. and Wynn, T.A. (1999b) IL-1 3 is a key regulatory cytokine forTh2 cell-mediated pulmonary granuloma formation and IgE responses induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. The journal of Immunology 162, 920-930. 

Hernandez, H.J., Wang, Y. and Stadecker, M.J. (1997) In infection with Schistosoma mansoni, B cells are required for T helper type 2 cell responses but not for granuloma formation. The Journal of Immunology 158, 4832-483 7. 

Wynn, T.A., Eltoum, I., Cheever, A.W., Lewis, F.A., Cause, W.C. and Sher, A. (1993) Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression during primary granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 151,1 430-1 440. 

Weiss, J.B., Aronstein, W.S. and Strand, M. (1987) Schistosoma mansoni stimulation of artificial granuloma formation in vivo by carbohydrate determinants. Experimental Parasitology 64, 228-236. 

Schmits, R. et al., CD44 regulates hematopoietic progenitor distribution, granuloma formation, and tumorigenicity, Blood, 90, 2217, 1997. 

Barium sulfate is used to visualize the GI tract.105 Barium sulfate should be avoided in a patient with GI obstruction. It is insoluble and nontoxic but is a soluble compound, which is toxic and may lead to death. Constipation may be detected on oral and rectal administration, and is remedied if a large amount of water is given to the patient. A barium sulfate enema causes electrocardiogram abnormalities. Pneumonitis or granuloma formation are reported during accidental aspiration into lungs. Hypersensitivity reactions also have been reported.106... 

Pit cells are natural killer cells which have antineoplastic actions (Treinen-Moslen, 2001 Plumlee, 2004). They are also involved in granuloma formation (Plumlee, 2004). 

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