Pineapple stem

By extraction from pineapple stems with water and precipitation with acetone or ammonium sulfate. Reference(s) ... 

The presence of D-xylose in several other glycoproteins,38 including an alpha-amylase (see p. 442) and pineapple-stem bromelain134 has been reported, but its mode of attachment is not yet known. 

A family of cysteine proteinase inhibitors different from the cystatin super-family was Isolated from pineapple stem acetone powder. These inhibitors have a Mr of about 5800 and are composed of a longer (41 amino acids) and a shorter (1L ammo acids) peptide chain connected with disulfide bonds [29]. The conserved sequence Gin- fal-Val-AJa-Gly of the cystatins is not present in these inhibitors, indicating a different mechanism of interaction. The bromelain inhibitor VI was found to share similar folding and disulfide band connectivities with the Bowman-Bilk trypsiu/chymatrypsm inhibitor from soybean [30,31]. Hie physiological role of these inhibitors remains undear. 

A. D. Rowan. D, I. Buttle, and A. J. Barrett. Ananain a novel cysteine proteinase found in pineapple stem. Arch Biochem. Biophys. 267 262 (1988). 

K. Hatanc, M. Kqjima, M. Tanokura, and K, Takahaihi. Solution structure of bromelain inhibitor VI from pineapple stem structural similarity with Bawmnn-Birk hyprin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from soybean. Biochemistry J5 5379 (1996). 

C Bromelain Pineapple stems Peptides Carboxylic acid... 

Fig. 16.—Glycopeptide from Pineapple-stem Bromelin872,873 Showing the Carbohydrate-binding Loci for Various Lectins, [a, Canavalia ensiformis b, Lens culinaris c, Pisum sativum d, Viciafaba e, Lotus tetragonolobus f, Anguilla anguilla g, Ulex europeus I h, Triticum vulgaris i, Solanum tuberosum j, Cytisus sessilifolius and k, Ulex europeus II.]...

Proteolytic activity in the juice of the pineapple plant Ananas comosus) was first reported in 1879 (7). More recently, the juice from the stem of the pineapple plant was shown to be a rich source of stem bromelain. This name is used to distinguish the enzyme from another which is derived from the fruit (8, 9). Mature pineapple stems are collected by special harvesting machines. The juice is pressed by special mills and then filtered. Most commercial preparations of bromelain have been precipitated from the stem juice by acetone. 

Bromelain is a mixture of cysteine proteases obtained from pineapple stems (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) that has been used therapeutically for the treatment of inflammation and trauma [119]. 7n vitro, it has varied stimulatory effects on leukocyte populations, increases CD2-mediated T cell activation, enhances Ag-independent binding to monocytes, etc. The effects of bromelain have previously been attributed to its degradative action at cell surfaces. However, it also acts independent of the removal of cell surface molecules [120]. In order to investigate the possible hormonelike effects of bromelain on intracellular signalling, its effects on TCR7CD3 signalling and IL-2 production were studied. It was observed that bromelain inhibits ERK-2 activation in ThO cells stimulated via the TCR, or with combined TPA plus calcium ionophore. In addtion, bromelain decreased IL-2, IFN-y, and IL-4 mRNA accumulation in ThO cells stimulated with TPA plus calcium ionophore, while the cytokine mRNA accumulation in cells stimulated via TCR was not affected. It seems that bromelain does not act on ERK-2 directly but also inhibits p2r activation, an effector molecule upstream from ERK-2 in the Raf-1/MEKl/ERK kinase cascade. Since p21 is an effector for multiple MAPK pathways, it is likely that bromelain affects other MAPK signalling cascades, such as the INK pathway or p38 MAPK pathway [121],... 

The structure and stereochemistry of passiflorine (37), a glucoside from the leaves of Passiflora edulis, have been confirmed by X-ray analysis. An interesting transposition of the cyclopropane ring, to (39), was observed on reaction of the aglucone methyl ester (38) with acid. Ananasic acid, a trihydroxy-acid from pineapple stems (Ananas comosus), has been assigned the structure (40). Three... 

Bromelain is the collective name for closely related proteolytic enzymes found in tissues of the plant family Bromeliaceae, of which pineapple, Ananas comosus, is the best known. Two distinct types of pineapple bromelain are recognized stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.32), the major proteolytic cysteinyl protease in pineapple stem, and fruit bromelain (EC 3.4.22.33), formerly called bromelin, which is the major proteolytic component in pineapple fruit [1]. Stem bromelain has been known under a variety of synonyms, namely, pineapple stem bromelain, EC 3.4.4.24 (formerly), EC 3.4.22.5 (formerly), included in EC 3.4.22.4 (formerly), ananase, bromelase, pinase, extranase, traumanase, pineapple enzyme, and juice bromelain. 

A. D. Napper, S. P. Bennett, M. Borowski, M. B. Holdridge, M. J. Leonard, E. E. Rogers, Y. Duan, R. A. Laursen, B. Reinhold, and S. L. Shames. Purification and characterization of multiple forms of the pineapple-stem derived cysteine proteinases ananain and comosain. Biochem. J. 301 121 (1994). 

B. Lenarcic, A. Ritonja, B. Turk, I. Dolenc, and V. Turk. Characterization and structure of pineapple stem inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373 459 (1992). 

R. M. Silverstein and F. J. Klzdy. Characterization of the pineapple stem proteases (bromelains). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167 618 (1975). 

M. Fukuda, T. Kondo, and T. Osawa. Studies on the hydrazinolysis of glycoproteins. Core structures of oligosaccharides obtained from porcine thyroglobulin and pineapple stem bromelain. J. Biochem. 80 1223 (1976). 

J. P. M. Lommerse, L. M. J. Kroon-Batenburg, J. P. Kamerling, and J. F. G. Vliegenthart. Conformational analysis of the xylose-containing N-glycan of pineapple stem bromelain as part of the intact glycoprotein. Biochemistry 34 8196 (1995). 

There appears to be sequence homology between the pineapple stem bromelain inhibitors and some of the small molecular weight inhibitors from the legumlnosae (91) Human inter-a-trypsin inhibitor contains two domains with great similarity to the domains of the Kunitz-type inhibitors (44 92-94)> The ovoinhibitors from Japanese quail and chicken egg whites contain six tandem domains which are homologous to the Kazal pancreatic secretory inhibitor and to the ovomucoids (69) ... 

VI.4). Three successive applications of this procedure fully removed the oligosaccharide chains of stem bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme in pineapple stems. Notably, it appears that none of the sugar residues is essential for catalysis by this enzyme." ... 

J.R. Monte, M. Brienzo and A.M.E Milagres, Utihzation of pineapple stem juice to enhance enzyme-hydrolytic efficiency for sugarcane bagasse after an optimized pre-treatment with alkaline peroxide. Appl. Energ. 88,403-408 (2011). 

Proteases such as a-chymotrypsin, papain, and subtilisin are also useful for regioselective hydrolytic transformations (Scheme 2.40). For example, while regio-selective hydrolysis of a dehydroglutamate diester at the 1-position can be achieved using a-chymotrypsin, the 5-ester is attacked by the protease papain [260]. It is noteworthy that papain is one of the few enzymes used for organic synthetic transformations which originate from plant sources (papaya). Other related protease preparations are derived from fig (ficin) and pineapple stem (bromelain) [261]. 

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