Current direction

There are three main developments underway at this time - error analysis, non-Maxwellians and spectral visualization for heavy species [5]. 

---

An ion beam causes secondary electrons to be ejected from a metal surface. These secondaries can be measured as an electric current directly through a Faraday cup or indirectly after amplification, as with an electron multiplier or a scintillation device. These ion collectors are located at a fixed point in a mass spectrometer, and all ions are focused on that point — hence the name, point ion collector. In all cases, the resultant flow of an electric current is used to drive some form of recorder or is passed to an information storage device (data system). 

Regulatory Direction The current direction of regulations and air-poUution control efforts is clearly toward significantly reducing the emissions to the environment of a broad range of compounds, including ... 

To date, the usual way of recording the LEED pattern is a light-sensitive video camera with a suitable image-processing system. In older systems movable Earaday cups (EC) were used which detected the electron current directly. Because of long data acquisition times and the problems of transferring motion into UHV, these systems are mostly out of use nowadays. 

Older experimental arrangements used Earaday cups with small apertures mounted on goniometers, which could be moved around the sample to collect the back-scattered electron current directly, or spot photometers, which were directed at one dif-... 

Current type Direct current Alternating current Direct current Direct current... 

Gleichstrom, m. (Elec.) continuous current, direct current, -leitung, /. direct-current line. 

As an additional exercise, the current-voltage curve of the supporting electrolyte (1M potassium chloride) may be evaluated this gives the residual current directly and no extrapolation is required for the determination of / and Id. 

While most amino acids are not electroactive at analytically usable potentials at carbon electrodes, much work is currently directed at general methods of LCEC amino acid detection by electrode surface modification or derivatization of the amino acid. Kok et al. have directly detected amino acids at a copper electrode. Several derivatization methods for amino acids have also been reported 227.228)... 

Fig. 2.1.3 A pair of saddle coils creates an x or y gradient (left), a pair of Maxwell coils creates a z gradient (right). The arrows on the coils indicate the current direction, the circles with...

Tulving, E., What is episodic memory Current Directions in Psychological Science 2(3), 67-70, 1993. 

Expectancy in the Placebo Response , Pain 43 (1990) 121-28 Waber, Rebecca L., Baba Shiv, Ziv Carmon and Dan Ariely, Commercial Features of Placebo and Therapeutic EfficacyJournal of the American Medical Association 299, no. 9 (2008) 1016-17 Wager, Tor D., The Neural Bases of Placebo Effects in Pain , Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2005) 175-79... 

Figure 43 illustrates the possible current transients during thermal treatment of Al-anodic Al203-Au structures at linearly increasing temperature (a) and during isothermal annealing (b). The first case is characterized by a TSC maximum at —400 K followed by a change in current direction and a second maximum (Fig. 43a). In the case of isothermal treatment, jTSC follows a t n dependence, where n is close to unity. These findings are usually interpreted in terms of a release from deep traps of those electrons that were initially captured there in the process of anodization. There are no clear ideas as to the physical nature of these traps. Parkhutik and Shershulskii249 have postulated that traps are associ-...

Dilworth, J. R. Parrott, S. J. Developments in Nuclear Medicine. 1996, 30 (Current Directions in Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development), 1-29. 

This volume is based on a four-session symposium presented at the 211th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, sponsored by the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Inc., in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 24-28, 1996. The general interest in the topic of photopolymerization was illustrated by the excellent attendance and active discussions during the symposium, and we were delighted when most of the speakers agreed to contribute chapters to this book. The volume is well balanced, with contributions from both academia and industry, and should provide the reader with an excellent idea of the current directions of photopolymerization research. 

To quote the words of Professor Collie— We are possibly dealing with the primordial form of matter, the primordial atom, which when produced had all the energy necessary for forming the world. By combination of these atoms the atoms of elements could be formed. Possibly the electric current directed the flow of these atoms with the full force of its energy, and with the phenomena of heat and light the elements came into existence. (1913, 146)... 

The European Community s Dangerous Substances Directive, DSD (67/548/EEC), was originally adopted in 1967. It regulates the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Up until Spring 1992, six amendments have been adopted. A proposed seventh amendment appeared in February 1990, but it was not until April 1992 that it was finally adopted. The major differences between the requirements of the current directive and those which will apply once the seventh amendment is implemented are outlined. 

A new electrolysis system comprising two metal redox couples, Bi(0)/Bi(III) and A1(0)/A1(III), has been shown to be effective for electroreductive Barbier-type allylation of imines [533]. The electrode surface structure has been correlated with the activity towards the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide for Bi monolayers on Au(III) [578], Electroreductive cycliza-tion of the 4-(phenylsulfonylthio)azetidin-2-one derivative (502) as well as the allenecarboxylate (505) leading to the corresponding cycKzed compounds (504) and (506) has been achieved with the aid of bimetallic metal salt/metal redox systems, for example, BiCh/Sn and BiCh /Zn (Scheme 175) [579]. The electrolysis of (502) is carried out in a DMF-BiCh/Py-(Sn/Sn) system in an undivided cell by changing the current direction every 30 s, giving the product (504)in 67% yield. 

---