Direct current plasma emission spectroscopy

For the routine determination of analytes in the quality control of the production of speciality chemicals, a combination of direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (DCP-OES) with flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used. Results obtained for the determination of boron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten and zinc in non-aqueous solutions have been published by Brennan and Svehla [3], The principle has been extended to other analytes, carrier liquids, and solvents, and the details of a fully automatic system have been described by Brennan et al. [4]. 

Determination of markers in digesta and feces by direct current plasma emission spectroscopy. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 2176-2183. 

Total tin was determined by continuous on-line hydride generation followed by direct current plasma emission spectroscopy. Interfacing the hydride generation-DC plasma emission spectrometric system with high performance liquid chromatography allowed the determination of tin species. Detection limits, sensitivities and calibration plots were determined. 

Krull IS, Panaro KW, Gershman LL. 1983. Trace analysis and speciation for Cr(VI) and Cr(ffl) via HPLC-direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (HPLC-DCP). J Chromatogr Sci 2L460M72. 

Krull, I.S. and Panaro, K.W. (1985). Trace Analysis and Speciation of Methylated Orga-notins by HPLC Hydride Generation Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc., 39, 960. 

Bulk chemical analysis X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy Direct-current plasma emission spectroscopy Arc emission spectroscopy Gravimetry Combustion Kjeldahl Impurities... 

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is used for multi-element determinations in blood and tissue samples. Detection in urine samples requires extraction of the metals with a polydithiocarbamate resin prior to digestion and analysis (NIOSH 1984a). Other satisfactory analytical methods include direct current plasma emission spectroscopy and determination by AAS, and inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Patterson et al. 1992 Shaw et al. 1982). Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used to determine very low levels of zinc in muscle tissue. This method provides very high sensitivity, low detection limits (3 ng/mL), good precision, and high selectivity at trace levels (Fernandez et al. 1992b). 

I.S. Krull and K.W Panaro. Trace analysis and speciation for methylated organ-otins by HPLC-hydride generation-direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (HPLC-HY-DCP). Appl. Spec., 39,183(1985). 

I.S. Krull, K.W Panaro, and D. Erickson. Determination of methylmercury in fish by gas chromatography-direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (GC-DCP). The Analyst, 112, 1097 (1987). 

Childress, W.L., Erickson, D. and Krull, I.S. (1992) Trace selenium speciation via high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and direct-current plasma emission detection. In Element-specific Chromatographic Detection by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ed. Uden, PC.). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 257-273. 

A number of very useful and practical element selective detectors are covered, as these have already been interfaced with both HPLC and/or FIA for trace metal analysis and spe-ciation. Some approaches to metal speciation discussed here include HPLC-inductively coupled plasma emission, HPLC-direct current plasma emission, and HPLC-microwave induced plasma emission spectroscopy. Most of the remaining detection devices and approaches covered utilize light as part of the overall detection process. Usually, a distinct derivative of the starting analyte is generated, and that new derivative is then detected in a variety of ways. These include HPLC-photoionization detection, HPLC-photoelectro-chemical detection, HPLC-photoconductivity detection, and HPLC-photolysis-electrochemical detection. Mechanisms, instrumentation, details of interfacing with HPLC, detector operations, as well as specific applications for each HPLC-detector case are presented and discussed. Finally, some suggestions are provided for possible future developments and advances in detection methods and instrumentation for both HPLC and FIA. 

WL. Childress, D. Erickson, and I.S. Krull. Selenium speciation in dietary mineral supplements and foods by gas/liquid chromatography interfaced with direct current plasma emission spectroscopic detection (GC/HPLC-DCP). Element Spedfic Chromatographic Detection by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, ACS Symposium Series, Ed. by PC. Uden, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1991, submitted for publication. 

Instrumental Quantitative Analysis. Methods such as x-ray spectroscopy, oaes, and naa do not necessarily require pretreatment of samples to soluble forms. Only reUable and verified standards are needed. Other instmmental methods that can be used to determine a wide range of chromium concentrations are atomic absorption spectroscopy (aas), flame photometry, icap-aes, and direct current plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (dcp-aes). These methods caimot distinguish the oxidation states of chromium, and speciation at trace levels usually requires a previous wet-chemical separation. However, the instmmental methods are preferred over (3)-diphenylcarbazide for trace chromium concentrations, because of the difficulty of oxidizing very small quantities of Cr(III). 

The XRD and TEM showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles with Ag-core/Rh-shell structure spontaneously form by the physical mixture of Ag and Rh nanoparticles. Luo et al. [168] carried out structure characterization of carbon-supported Au/Pt catalysts with different bimetallic compositions by XRD and direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The bimetallic nanoparticles were alloy. Au-core/Pd-shell structure of bimetallic nanoparticles, prepared by co-reduction of Au(III) and Pd(II) precursors in toluene, were well supported by XRD data [119]. Pt/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles can be prepared by the co-reduction of H2PtClg and CuCl2 with hydrazine in w/o microemulsions of water/CTAB/ isooctane/n-butanol [112]. XRD results showed that there is only one peak in the pattern of bimetallic nanoparticles, corresponding to the (111) plane of the PtCu3 bulk alloy. 

J. A. McGuire and E. H. Piepmeier, The characterisation and simplex optimisation of a variable-diameter, multi-electrode, direct current plasma for atomic emission spectroscopy. Can. J. Appl. Spectrosc., 36(6), 1991, 127-139. 

GFAAS = graphite furnace (flameless) atomic absorption spectroscopy MCAAS = micro-cup atomic spectroscopy DCOP-AES = direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy HFP-AES = high frequency piasma-torch-atomic emission spectroscopy NAA - neutron activation analyst-, atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS - atomic absorption spectrophotometer XES = X-ray energy spectrometry and SEM - scanning electron microscopy. 

This effect has been successfully employed to improve the LC detection of metal ions as their metal complexes (496.497.499). Recently, it has also been demonstrated that metal ions can be detected by direct-current argon plasma emission spectroscopy after LC separation with micellar mobile phases (490). 

Liquid Scintillation Systems, LSS Neutron Counting Systems, NCS Direct-Current Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, DCP-OES IR Spectroscopy (e.g. FTIR)... 

Direct-current plasma 5000-10,000 Emission DC plasma spectroscopy, DCP... 

Direct-current plasma jets were first described in the 1920s and have been systematically investigated as sources for emission spectroscopy. In the early 1970s, the first commercial direct current plasma (DCP) was introduced. The source was quite popular, particularly among soil scientists and geochemists for multielement analysis. 

Bercowy GM, Vo H and Rifders F (1994) Silicon analysis in biological specimens by direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. ] Anal Toxicol 18 46 -48. 

DCPAES direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy... 

---