Direct current analog

Obviously, a comparison of kinetic data without critically analyzing their reliability can eventually be misleading. Girault [14] has made a dubious conclusion that the flow of the direct current can alter the solution composition in the vicinity of the interface, which makes the rate constant measured by a dc technique significantly lower, as compared with data obtained by an ac technique. However, the highest rate constants have been reported from ac impedance studies irrespective of whether the direct current flows through the interface [42], or not [132]. Analogous-... 

Let us calculate the correction to the proton polaron direct current density conditioned by light-induced transitions between the sites. This photocurrent calculation is analogous to that of the correction to the drift activation current carried out in the previous subsection [the analogy lies in the fact that operator (276) is similar to the correction to the Hamiltonian if the electric field is taken into account, with the correction being nondiagonal on the operator of the coordinate see expression (236)]. 

Using the same analogy as resistance, any other impedance configurations can be structured with, for example, resistance, inductance, and capacitance all in parallel or various combinations of impedances in series and in parallel. The analysis is analogous to that of resistances with direct current. For impedances in series, we start with the vector of intensity and locate the voltage vectors advanced or delayed depending on the type of impedance. For impedances in parallel,... 

The magnetic sensor is placed into a slot cut into the core and the current carrying conductor or wire is placed through the hole. The magnetic field from the current is then trapped in the core and crosses the sensor at the slot, yielding an analog Hall output signal proportional to the current. This type of direct current sensor is called an open-loop device. 

Figure 6. Direct current (dc) analog for a multicomponent mixed conducting...

Analogous behavior has been described for conducting systems, that is, systems that can pass a direct current. In this case, a semicircle with its center below the real axis can be found in the complex impedance plane (Fig. 11a). The equivalent circuit (Fig. 11b) contains a combination of a CPE and two resistors. 

Porosity effects during the charging process have long been considered in discussions of the faradaic and capacitive contributions to the current, especially in the case of electronically conducting polymers. For instance, the peaks of cyclic voltam-mograms were attributed to the faradaic process while the plateaus of the cmrent were considered to be an indication of the capacitive term [99,105,106,211-215]. However, this straightforward analogy to the metal/solution interface does not work in reality the obviously faradaic process of the redox transformation of the redox species in the surface layer does not lead to a direct current, unlike similar reactions for solute species. 

Electrophoretic deposition n. A direct-current process analogous to electroplating. 

Although we shall not discuss the general Z fu)) further here, there is one additional specific case which follows from it and deserves mention. Suppose that the finite-length transmission line analog is open-circuited (see Franceschetti and Macdonald [1979c]). Then no direct current can flow in the actual system, as it could with Zw (but not Zw, and the concentration of the diffusing particle increases at the... 

Cooper pairs are loosely bound electron pairs, which move at the same speed but in opposite directions. An analogy can be made to two balls on the ends of a spring, where the balls move together and apart at the same speed but always in opposite directions. Superconductivity arises from highly coordinated motion of all Cooper pairs within a solid, where these electron pairs are all propagating in the same direction—that of the current flow. 

Continuous wave (C W) operation CW is a constant emission analogous to the continuous output of a light bulb that is powered by a direct current source. 

Modulation-based readout circuits have gained popularity for interfacing with capacitive and inductive MEMS sensors to reduce the noise levels of l// noise and direct current (dc) offset in the circuit. Modulation-based circuits are based on sigma-delta (2A) converter [56,62,65], successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) [56,66], chopper modulation [54,55,58], pulse-width modulation (PWM) [57,61,63], and frequency modulation (FM) configurations [42,48,51,64,68],... 

Electrophoretic Deposition n A direct-current process analogous to electroplating, used to coat electrically-conductive articles with plastics, deposited from aqueous lattices or dispersions. The cathode may be a noncorrodible metal such as stainless steel, generally serving as the container in which the process is performed. The DC potential is usually under 100 V. The deposited coatings are baked to remove residual water. Among available polymer lattices suitable for the process are PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, acrylics, nylons, polyesters, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene. 

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