Direct current pulse activation

Platinum Electrodes. Fuel Cells, Vol. 08, pp. 81-86 Randeniya, L.K. Bendavid, A. Martin, P.J. Preston, E. W. (2007). Photoelectrochemical and Structural Properties of Ti02 and N-Doped Ti02 Thin Films Synthesized Using Pulsed Direct Current Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition. /. PhxfS. Chem. C, Vol. Ill, pp. 18334-18340... 

As mentioned before, two interlaboratory studies were organised prior to certification, involving ca. 15 laboratories using techniques such as cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES), differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) and neutron activation analysis with radiochemical separation (RNAA). 

Active query methods measure cell impedance, which is then correlated to SoC. The technique often superimposes an active signal (a low amplitude, characteristic high-frequency square or sinusoidal current pulse) onto the battery and then uses a transfer function on the response waveform to determine the ohmic polarization or a direct correlation to SoC. One permutation of this technique uses the voltage response to indigenous current spikes to map impedance in a similar way. This method provides reasonable results, but if hardware is involved it is often complex and expensive even sensors will require a relatively high-speed data acquisition bus to minimize the slew between voltage and current. 

High-concentration (40 weight percent [wt%]) ternary Pt alloy samples prepared using the carbothermal technique have yielded surface area and activity values comparable to commercial Pt samples. Platinum/Carbon (Pt/C) prepared by pulse-electrodeposition showed superior surface area and activity when compared to direct current deposited Pt/C electrodes. 

Swadlow, Fl.A. Monitoring the excitability of neocortical efferent neurons to direct activation by extracellular current pulses. /. Neurophysiol. 1992 68 605-619. 

Note that in the majority of SDSL work, distance measurements are carried out at cryogenic temperatures. This limitation is due primarily to the relaxation behavior of the spin label. For example, to accurately measure an inter-nitroxide distance of 30 A using DEER requires a dipolar evolution time t l ps. This sets the lower limit for the phase memory time of the nitroxide labels, which cannot be satisfied at ambient temperatures. Currently, a number of directions are being actively pursued to extend the measurable range of distances at higher temperatures, including new spin labels [e.g., trityls " ) with more favorable relaxation behaviors, as well as new instrumentation [e.g., high-field ) and pulse schemes for better sensitivity. 

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