Future directions current limitations

As a catalytic concept, asymmetric enamine catalysis has been the subject of several recent reviews [8-23], In this concept review, we will focus on some of the key aspects of this mode of activation, and probe the current limitations and possible future directions of enamine catalysis. 

H. Schreier, and S. M. Sawyer. Liposomal DNA vectors for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Current applications, limitations, and future directions, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 79 73-87 (1996). 

In this chapter, we glean the most relevant results from different backgrounds and combine them in a way that is useful to researchers applying evolutionary methods to protein design. We focus on controlling the evolutionary dynamics with an emphasis on relationships between experimental parameters that lead to phase transitions and upper and lower limits. The backbone and motivation behind the theory— information that is necessary to understand the results—are explained in Section II. The implications of the theoretical work, as applied to current methods in directed evolution, are explored in Section III. Finally, results that are important in driving future evolution experiments... 

This paper addresses the limited current state- of-art in laboratory robotics and compares it to current manufacturing practice. Important questions are "When is automation robotics ", "What is a robot anyway " and "Where does a robot fit in a laboratory environment. " Examples of current applications are reviewed and suggestions for future directions are presented. 

Although industrial interest in the synthesis of acetonitrile directly from C2 hydrocarbons is currently limited, with acetonitrile being mainly produced as a byproduct in acrylonitrile production, there are a number of indications regarding the future need of direct production of acetonitrile by C2 hydrocarbon (ethane, in particular) ammoxidation. In fact, acetonitrile is used as a solvent and also as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals, ranging from pesticides to perfumes. Production trends for acetonitrile generally follow those of acrylonitrile, but the growth rate for acetonitrile use is higher than that of acrylonitrile. The four... 

Research opportunities in resist technology continue to grow in many directions, as the performance demands on the resists and associated processes increase with our desire to miniaturize microelectronics devices. It is a difficult task, if not an impossible one, to fully review the fundamental engineering considerations of all the current and future areas of research in this rapidly evolving field. Hence, the objectives here will be rather limited, in view of the great diversity of potential research emphases. The topics selected for discussion reflect my own interests, which are much influenced by personal experience and past association with scientific collaborators. 

An increased number of studies deal with the use of ILs for liquid-liquid extraction of RE and actinides. Although the field is not mature yet, as a lot is stiU to be understood and discovered, there are enough data available already to derive general rules and trends and also to envision future directions for IL uses in liquid-liquid extraction of these metallic ions. This chapter therefore presents an historical perspective and a critical review of current works on this topic. Two brief presentations of ILs and of traditional liquid-liquid extraction will be first given. Then, current results and ideas in the field of liquid-liquid extraction of RE and actinides by use of ILs will be reviewed. As much as possible, we limited ourselves to studies dealing with the metals of interest to the handbook (4f and 5f elements), but in some cases, we... 

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) serves as the EPAs main statutory weapon. The act created a cradle-to-grave management system for current and future wastes, while the EPA authorizes cleanup of released hazardous substances. Some statutes apply to specific issues and limit the amount of wastes introduced into the air, waterways, oceans, and drinking water. Other statutes directly limit the production, rather than the release, of chemical substances and products that may contribute to the nation s wastes. The RCRA protects human health and the environment from the dangers of hazardous waste. RCRA authorizes control over the management of wastes from the moment of generation until final disposal. The RCRA was passed in 1976 as an amendment... 

Once the organization of PKS-mediated biosynthesis was recognized, researchers sought ways to take advantage of the PKS modularity in order to engineer PKSs capable of making new PKs. To date, the most successful strategies have included (1) domain substitution and modification, (2) module substitution, and (3) precursor-directed biosynthesis. Examples of each of these approaches will be presented as well as a brief discussion of the current limitations and future outlook. 

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the state of the art and highlights the current limitations of existing approaches for sequences assessment. Section 3 introduces the theoretical framework of the probabilistic languages (Garg et al. 1999) and the used notations. In section 4 is introduced the case study which is used like a support for the rest of the paper. Section 5 develops a theoretical framework based on probabilistic languages for quantitative assessment of events sequences. This proposed approach is illustrated using the case study in the section 6. Finally, section 7 presents the conclusions of this work and identifies some future research directions. 

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