Primordial atom

Uratom, n. primordial atom, urbar, a. arable, tillable, urbaren, v.t. (Agric.) cultivate, till. 

To quote the words of Professor Collie— We are possibly dealing with the primordial form of matter, the primordial atom, which when produced had all the energy necessary for forming the world. By combination of these atoms the atoms of elements could be formed. Possibly the electric current directed the flow of these atoms with the full force of its energy, and with the phenomena of heat and light the elements came into existence. (1913, 146)... 

If, in the intense electric field in the neighbourhood of the cathode, the molecules of the gas are dissociated and are split up, not into the ordinary chemical atoms, but into these primordial atoms, which we shall for brevity call corpuscles and if these corpuscles are charged with electricity and projected from the cathode by the electric field, they would behave exactly like the cathode rays. They would evidently give a value of (e/m) which is independent of the nature of the gas and its pressure, for the carriers are the same whatever the gas may be. Thus on this view we have in the cathode rays matter in a new state, a state in which the subdivision of matter is carried very much further than in the ordinary gaseous state a state in which all matter—that is, matter derived from different sources—is of one and the same kind this matter being the substance from which all the chemical elements are built up. [27]... 

It is well known that Gassendi had a strong appreciation of the analytical capabilities of chymistry, despite his engagement in a bruising attack on the English Rosicrucian enthusiast Robert Fludd in 1629. At times Gassendi even endorsed the chymical doctrine that the principles salt and sulfur were responsible for taste and smell. Since Gassendi believed (Hke Sennert and Boyle) that the primordial atoms combined with one another... 

I am, in point of fact, a particularly haughty and exclusive person, of pre-Adamite ancestral descent.. .. I can trace my ancestry back to a protoplasmal primordial atomic globule. Consequently my family pride is something inconceivable. ... 

SI). Is decided the set of basic atomic orbitals as being the orbitals ( )2 and ( )3), one for each atom in the molecule. This atomic orbital are subjected to the symmetries molecule, to the group, in order to establish the symmetry reducible representation that generates this primordial atomic set. 

Plutonium occurs in natural ores in such small amounts that separation is impractical. The atomic ratio of plutonium to uranium in uranium ores is less than 1 10 however, traces of primordial plutonium-244 have been isolated from the mineral bastnasite (16). One sample contained 1 x 10 g/g ore, corresponding to a plutonium-244 [14119-34-7] Pu, terrestrial abundance of 7 x 10 to 2.8 x 10 g/g of mineral and to <10g of primordial Pu on earth. The content of plutonium-239 [15117 8-3], Pu, in uranium minerals is given in Table 2. 

Urteil, n. judgment, decision, opinion, verdict (Logic) proposition, -chen, n. primary (or primordial) particle (formerly) atom. 

The actinoid elements (or actinides An) constitute a series of 14 elements which are formed by the progressive filling of the 5/ electron shell and follow actinium in the periodic table (atomic numbers 90-103). All of the isotopes of the actinide elements are radioactive and only four of the primordial isotopes, Th, and " " Pu, have a sufficient long half-life for there to be any of these left in nature. 

Some radioisotopes are continuously being produced by the bombardment of atoms on the surface of the earth or in its atmosphere with extraterrestrial particles or radiation. One of these is carbon-14, also known as radiocarbon, which is widely used for dating archaeological materials (see Textbox 55). Many radioisotopes that are not primordial or are not created by natural processes are now produced artificially using specialized equipment many of the "artificial" isotopes are of use for probing and analyzing materials. 

The problems in the nucleoside synthesis arise in the linkage of the 3-N atoms of the pyrimidines and the 9-N atoms of the purines with the l -C atom of ribose, not only without enzyme control, but also under conditions extant on the primordial Earth. How might such reactions occur There have naturally been many attempts... 

Identifying stars in globular and open clusters as either old stars from the primordial explosion or new stars formed after a supernova event is based on the atomic composition of the stars. The primary way of identifying the elements in any excited state is to study the atomic spectroscopy of the stellar spectrum, such as in Figure 4.2 and identify the atoms by assigning the spectra. This becomes a complicated process for the heavier elements but is very informative even for the simple H-atom spectra. 

Fig. 4.12. Stellar lithium abundances (log of the number per 1012 H atoms) among main-sequence stars as a function of metallicity. The full-drawn curve shows the prediction of a numerical Galactic chemical evolution model, while the broken-line curve gives the sum of a primordial component and an additional component proportional to iron and normalized to meteoritic abundance. Adapted from Matteucci, D Antona and Timmes (1995).

Volume 3 explains the systems of molecular and atomic weight, valences, the atomic theory, the system of classification of the elements, and the laws of chemical equilibrium. Here we find Lespieau s view that the goal of chemistry is the formule developee, not the formule brute, and that the atomic hypothesis gives us a striking interpretation and creates a language that is now adopted by all chemists, even those who reject the hypothesis of an indivisible primordial particle.30... 

The opportunities for concentrating and detecting (probably primordial) quarks and the properties of adducts of atoms, ions and molecules with quarks are discussed. There is a pronounced difference between positive quarks located in the outer valence-regions (or in the conduction electrons of metals) and negative quarks so firmly bound to nuclei that they may not be mobile, and constitute a kind of new elements with (Z - 1/3). Analogies are drawn with neutrinos, muons and other well-established particles. 

Such was the alchemistic view of the generation of the metals a theory which is admittedly cmde, but which, nevertheless, contains the germ of a great principle of the utmost importance, namely, the idea that all the varying forms of matter are evolved from some one primordial stuff — a principle of which chemical science lost sight for awhile, for its validity was unrecognised by Dalton s Atomic Theory (at least, as enunciated by him). 

Primordial nucleosynthesis really puts the Big Bang cosmology to the test. One might call it a baptism of fire. From these brief but brilliant and fertile beginnings arose a series of light nuclei that are today found everywhere in nature above all hydrogen, followed by helium, which between them amount to 98% of the total mass of atomic matter in the Universe. 

Aristotle of Stageiros (384-322 BCE) did not agree with his teacher s geometric bodies for the different elements. He rejected the Democritian atoms in which matter was considered a principle but form was a secondary characteristic. Nor did he accept the existence of a void. According to the Aristotelian view, the four elements arose from the action on primordial matter by pairs of qualities (warm + dry, fire, warm + moist, air, cold + dry, earth, cold + moist, water). He introduced another element, ether, as a divine substance of which the heavens and stars are made (23). 

Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637 CE), a Dutch natural philosopher, proposed a molecular theory in his scientific diary . He assrrmed that there were four kinds of atoms corresponding to the four elements of the one sole primordial matter. He considered these atoms to be the cause of the properties of the substances, for example, color, taste, smell, etc. The molecules of substances were called homogenea physica (physical homogenea) and were composed of the atoms in specific spatial stracture. His private diary was available to several savants such as Descartes, who acknowledged these ideas in several books (41). 

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