Current Challenges and Future Directions

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Fuel Cell Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions... 

Fernando, S., Adhikari, S., Chandrapal, C., Murah, N., 2006. Biorefineries current status, challenges, and future direction. Energy Fuels 20, 1727-1737. 

Together, the practical details described below provide a realistic description of the current state of the art in acoustic-wave sensing. Armed with this snapshot of the present state of the technology, and having a vision of desirable future directions, the technical bottlenecks that must be passed for the vision to become a reality are apparent. These system design challenges are outlined in Section 6.6. 

The significance of the challenges for CMP is directly related to the ability of the industry to continue the progress of shrinking the 1C device dimensions. Perhaps the best identification of these challenges and the industry s current abilities come to us in the form of an international assessment project called the ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors). Observation of the road map s challenges is an excellent way to identify the critical role that CMP plays in the health and future viability of the semiconductor industry. 

The results in Figs. 4.12 and 4.13, and in Table 4.1 show that the current level of description of SERS using electronic structure methods is quite primitive. Thus there are significant opportunities for improved work in this area, especially through the introduction of TD-DFT methods. However, a problem that must be dealt with in future work is the direct (frequency-dependent) coupling of the molecule to a realistic size metal nanoparticle that is described using electrodynamics. Such QM/ED (quantum mechanics/electrodynamics) calculations represent a major challenge for future advances in electronic stmcture theory. 

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