Fruit development

Seasonal changes in fruit diameter, colour development of the peel (estimated from colour charts) and soluble tannins of persimmon fruits of the cultivars Hiratanenashi (PVA, a parthenocarpic type Fig. 7A) and Jiro (PCNA Fig. 7B) were studied ca.every 10 days at Tsuruoka City in the north of Japan. Soluble tannins in the fruit flesh were measured by the Folin-Denis method. In Tsuruoka, both cultivars usually bloom, starting early in June. 

Almost all of the tannin in the fruit of astringent Hiratanenashi seems to be in soluble form (Taira et al. 1990). The amount of insoluble tannins in non-astringent Jiro fruits could not be measured, due to difficulty in the extraction of the insoluble tannin (Taira et al., unpubl.). 

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FRASER P D, TRUESDALE M R, BIRD C R, SCHUCH W and BRAMLEY P M (1994) CarOtenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development . Plant Physiol, 105, 405-13. 

GiuLiANO G, BARTLEY G E and scoLNiK p A (1993) Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development . Plant Cell, 5, 379-87. 

RONEN G, COHEN M, ZAMIR D and HIRSCHBERG J (1999) Regnlation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development expression of the gene for lycopene epsilon cyclase is down regulated during ripening and is elevated in the mutant delta . Plant J, 17, 341-51. 

Lois, L.M. et al.. Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development regulatory role of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase. Plant J. 22, 503, 2000. 

Alba, R. et al., Transcriptome and selected metabolite analyses reveal multiple points of ethylene control during tomato fruit development, Plant Cell 17, 2954, 2005. 

Figure 4. RNA Blot Analysis of pSubunit, PG, and D21 Expression during Fruit Development and Ripening. Total RNA (25 pg) isolated from the indicated tomato tissues was probed with eiAer a psubunit cDNA clone, a cDNA for the catalytic PG polypeptide, or a cDNA for the constitutively expressed mRNA D21. Identical specific activities were used in each hybridization and all blots were exposed for 8 hr.

Temperature. Temperature during fruit development significantly influenced the carotenoid concentration of tomato produced in a controlled-environment greenhouse (Koskitalo and Ormrod 1972). At diurnal 17.8/25.6°C minimum-maximum temperatures, the (3-carotene concentration was 2.97,2.18, and 2.19 pg/g, respectively, in fruits harvested 7,14, and 21 days following the onset of initial coloration. The corresponding levels for lycopene were 43.5, 57.7, and 64.8 pg/g. At 2.8/13.9°C, (3-carotene content was 3.56, 3.73, and 3.67 pg/g and lycopene content was 9.30, 20.5, and 24.2 pg/g in fruit collected 7, 14, and 21 days following color break, respectively. 

Kondo S, Tsuda K, Muto N and Ueda J. 2002. Antioxidative activity of apple skin or fresh extracts associated with fruit development on selected apple cultivars. Sci Hort 96(1-4) 177—185. 

Kausch KD, Handa AK. Molecular cloning of a ripening-specific lipoxygenase and its expression during wild-type and mutant tomato fruit development. Plant Physiol 1997 113 1041-1050. 

Symptoms Most capsid species feed on plants, causing small ragged holes in leaves, particularly at shoot tips. The damage is distinctive. Leaves develop a tattered appearance as they grow. Buds and shoots may be killed flowers and fruit deformed. Apple fruits develop raised bumps and scabby patches. 

Moriguchi T, Kita M, Ogawa K, Tomono Y, Endo T, Omura M (2002) Elavonol synthase gene expression during citrus fruit development. Physiol Plant 114(2) 251-258... 

Capsaicinoids are synthesized by the condensation of vanillylamine with a short chain branched fatty acyl CoA. A schematic of this pathway is presented in Fig. 8.4. Evidence to support this pathway includes radiotracer studies, determination of enzyme activities, and the abundance of intermediates as a function of fruit development [51, 52, 57-63], Differential expression approaches have been used to isolate cDNA forms of biosynthetic genes [64-66], As this approach worked to corroborate several steps on the pathway, Mazourek et al. [67] used Arabidopsis sequences to design primers to clone the missing steps from a cDNA library. They have expanded the schema to include the biosynthesis of the key precursors phenylalanine and leucine, valine and isoleucine. Prior to this study it was not clear how the vanillin was produced, and thus the identification of candidate transcripts on the lignin pathway for the conversion of coumarate to feruloyl-CoA and the subsequent conversion to vanillin provide key tools to further test this proposed pathway. 

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is an ideal approach to monitor volatile flavor components. This approach has been used to identify the volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh fruit during maturation [92], Using SPME fibers and GC/MS, the key flavor components are hexanal, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2,3-butanedione, 3-carene, trans-2-hexenal, and linalool (Fig. 8.1). In this study, the principal aroma compounds whose abundance varied during fruit development were specifically identified. 

In contrast with the seed caffeine of Coffea species, relatively little attention has been paid to that of tea. This is in part because the fruit of tea, including the seeds, is of minor economic importance compared with that of coffee moreover earlier studies revealed little caffeine in the tea seed (13.141. Recently we (H) found that the pericarp contains the greatest concentrations of alkaloids in the dry fruit of tea, and that appreciable amounts occur in the seeds, especially in the coats. Thus, from physiological and ecological viewpoints, our concerns are the roles of purine alkaloids and seed coats of tea during fruit development (seed formation) and seed germination. Caffeine in Coffea arabica seed is synthesized in the pericarp, transported to the seed, and accumulated there during fruit... 

Guo, X., Chen, J. R., Brackett, R. E., and Beuchat, L. R. (2001). Survival of Salmonellae on and in tomato plants from the time of inoculation at flowering and early stages of fruit development through fruit ripening. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67,4760M764. 

CS102 Suzuki, T. and G. R. Waller. Purine alkaloids of the fruis of Camellia sinensis L. and of Coffea arabica L. during fruit development. Ann Bot (London) 1985 56(4) 537-542. 

Yoshida, Y., Koyama, N., and Tamura, H., Color and anthocyanin composition of strawberry fruit changes during fruit development and differences among cultivars, with special reference to the occurrence of pelargonidin 3-malonylglucoside, J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 71, 355, 2002. 

Male sterility due to deleterious nuelear genes is common in the cultivated potato (Howard, 1970). Because the marketable product is not seed, there is no selection pressure for high fertility in breeding programs. In fact, fruit development may partition resources away from tuber deld, so breeders may inadvertently select against high fertility (Jansky and Thompson, 1990). In addition, deleterious recessive alleles can accumulate in tetraploid potato cultivars because they are more easily masked than in diploids. 

The alternative Is to design your development project around certain starting conditions. These would be expected to make the project demanding and stretching and lead to fruitful development opportunities. Having set the starting condi-... 

H. Stage- and tissue-specific expression of ethylene receptor homolog genes during fruit development in muskmelon. Plant Physiol., 120, 321-330 (1999)... 

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