Calendula officinalis

The elder flower is rather musk-scented. Some feel that its perfume is somewhat psychoactive, and this may be the reason why so much lore and legend surround it. Elder blossoms are often used in herbal salves for tropical application to the skin. Other common herbs included in such salves are comfrey leaves (Symphytum officinale), calendula (Calendula officinalis) blossoms and plantain (Plantago major) leaves. 

Classical examples of anti-inflammatory Asteraceae are Arnica montana and Calendula officinalis, both used in European medicine to treat bruises and contusions. There is an expanding body of evidences to suggest that Asteraceae could be a useful source of anti-inflammatories, such as sesquiterpene lactones and/or triterpene alcohols, the latter being known to inhibit 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice as efficiently as commercial indomethacine by possible inhibition of phospholipase A2 (10). 

Materials Optical coherence microscope (OCM), personal computer for visualization and recording of images, distilled water, slides and cultivated plants in natural conditions or freshly harvested. The following plants were investigated Nicotiana affinis L., Calendula officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Atriplex sp., Picea and Pinus sylvestris. 

Fig. 1 Leaf trichomes a - Calendula officinalis L., b - Nicotiana affinis L.

Fig. 1 The fluorescing images of secretory cells under luminescent microscope. A and B. Blue-fluorescing stinging and non-stinging secretory hairs of Urtica dioica, relatively on stem and leaf C and D - green-yellow-fluorescing leaf glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum, E. - Blue-fluorescing leaf cells of Achillea millefolium F - yellow fluoresced gland of leaf Calendula officinalis., G., H and I -secretory hairs, idioblasts and crystal on the surface on the root of Ruta graveolens, relatively.

Another study employed both TLC and HPLC for the analysis of carotenoids of Calendula officinalis L. TLC separation of all E(trans)-a,3-carotene, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein was performed on a silica layer using petroleum ether-j-propanol-CIICI, (90 10 70 v/v). The same carotenoid pigments were separated by RP-HPLC using an ODS column (250X4 mm, i.d.). The organic modifiers were methanol, THF and ethyl octane. The flow rate was 1 ml/min, pigments were detected at 440 nm [20],... 

The flavonoid content of the tinctures of Calendula officinalis L., Passiflora incarnata L and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. was investigated by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effect, and the beneficial influence to treat hepatic injuries, tension... 

P. Lowalowski, J. Burczyk, B. Smietana, A. Stolarczyk, K.Terminska. M. Zych and M. Kopec, The optimization of the chromatographic separation of the inflorescences of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) — orange modification. Herba Polonica XLV (1999) 324—333 (in Polish). 

As its name suggests, supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) relies on the solubilizing properties of supercritical fluids. The lower viscosities and higher diffusion rates of supercritical fluids, when compared with those of liquids, make them ideal for the extraction of diffusion-controlled matrices, such as plant tissues. Advantages of the method are lower solvent consumption, controllable selectivity, and less thermal or chemical degradation than methods such as Soxhlet extraction. Numerous applications in the extraction of natural products have been reported, with supercritical carbon dioxide being the most widely used extraction solvent. However, to allow for the extraction of polar compounds such as flavonoids, polar solvents (like methanol) have to be added as modifiers. There is consequently a substantial reduction in selectivity. This explains why there are relatively few applications to polyphenols in the literature. Even with pressures of up to 689 bar and 20% modifier (usually methanol) in the extraction fluid, yields of polyphenolic compounds remain low, as shown for marigold Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae) and chamomile Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae). " ... 

Calendula officinalis L. Jin Tsan Jiu (Marigold) (whole plant) Arnidiol, carotenes, calenduline, cerylalcohol, flavoxanthin, lycopene, oleanolic acid, inulin, rebixanthin, violaxanthin. tocopherol, salicylic acid.50 Treat bleeding gums, bleeding piles, for amenorrhea, bruises, cholera, cramps, eruption, fevers, flu. 

Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. undulatum, R. koreanum Calendula officinalis Camellia japonica Camellia japonica... 

Achillea alpina, A. millefolium, Aleurites moluceanu, Alpinia katsumadai, A. globosum, A. kumatake, Anthriscus aemula, A. sylvestris, Blumea lacera, Daucus camta, Eriobotrya japonica, Calendula officinalis, Gnaphalium affine, G. arenarium, G. confusum, G. javanum, G. luteo-album, G. multiceps,... 

Calendula officinalis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lactuca raddeana, L. indica, L. sativa Taraxacum officinale Caltha palustris... 

Adenophora triphylla, A. verticillata, Ajuga bracteosa, Calendula officinalis, Campanula gentianoides,... 

Calendula officinalis, Crocus sativus, Daucus carota, Hippophae rhamnoides... 

Salicylic acid Calendula officinalis, Gaultheria leucocarpa, Pterocarya stenoptera, Scopalia dulcis... 

Calendula officinalis, Cannabis sativa, Marsdenia condurango, Physalis franchetti, P. pubescene,... 

Acorus calamus, A. gramineus Aesculus hippocastanum, Anagalis arvensis, Anemone pulsatilla, Aster tataricus, A. tataricus, Avena sativa, Benincase hispida, Betula lenta, B. pendala, B. verrucosa, Calendula officinalis, Catharanthus roseus, Centella asiatica, Chenopodium ambrosiodes, Clematis vitalba,... 

Achillea millefolium, Anethum graveoleus, Aspidium filix-mis, Aster tataricus, Calendula officinalis, Dryopteris filix-mas, Inula britannica, I.japonica, Lycopodium clavatum, L. obscurum, Myrica cerifera, M. penxylvanica, Peucedanum graveolens, Sambucus nigra, S. canadensis Melia azedarach... 

Among five triterpenoids isolated from Calendula officinalis flowers, P-amyrin (119), faradiol (232), i /-taraxasterol (238), taraxasterol (239), and lupeol (238), the diol 232 was the most active. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin (5) in the topical anti-inflammatory assay with croton oil [33]. Esterification at C-3 of 232 with a fatty acid reduced the activity by more than 50% [33] consistent with our observation in the TPA-induced assay described above. The anti-inflammatory properties, as determined by croton oil-induced edema of mouse ear, of faradiol-3-O-myristate (233) and its 3-O-palmitate (234), the main components of lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, were shown to be contribute significantly to the pronounced antiphlogistic activity of the lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers [34]. 

Bulbs and corns are modified underground stems. They are collected when they are fully grown. Bulbs of Allium cepa and Allium sativa are used. Corm of Colchicum autumnale is the source of the drug. Dried seeds provide source of drugs such as Nux vomica and Ignatia. Lycopodium is produced from spores of the plant Lycopodium clavatum, Opium from the latex of the capsules of the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum and Carbo vegetabilis from the charcoal. Whole plants are also used for the preparation of drugs like Aconitum napellus, Calendula officinalis, Chamomilla, Phytolacca decandra (Cook, 1988). 

REIDER, N., KOMERICKI, P., HAUSEN, B.M., FRITSCH, P ABERER, W., The seamy side of natural medicines Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)., Contact Dermatitis, 2001,45,269-272. 

New oilseed crops, currently studied as potential sources of specialty fatty acids, include Crambe abyssinica for erucic acid, Limnanthes alba for very long-chain fatty acids, Dimorphotheca pluvialis for dimor-phecolic acid, Lesquerella fendleri for les-querolic acid, Calendula officinalis for calendic acid, and Euphorbia lagascae and various Vernonia species for vernolic acid.194 The lowest cost sources (inedible fats and oils and palm oil fractions) are likely most likely to be exhausted first as world trade in industrial applications grows. Cornstarch is becoming a major feedstock for plastics production. This may compete with potential oil uses, but also will increase production of com oil. 

Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Helianthus annum, Taraxacum japonicum, T.officinale, Tussilagofafara, Taraxacum (Asteraceae)... 

Calendulic acid (unsaturated FA) Calendula officinalis (marigold) (Asteraceae) COX (31)... 

Further work on the free and ester-bound triterpenoid alcohols in cellular subtractions of Calendula officinalis flowers has appeared. An investigation of the mass spectral fragmentation of pentacyclic hydrocarbons in petroleum has been published. ... 

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