Cleanser

A wide variety of general purpose cleansers is available with abrasive materials to facilitate the cleansing process. Conventional cleansers are petroleum-based and use pumice, sand, metal meshes, foams, rigid and textured plastics, and various composites as abrasive materials. Although these materials are effective, they are often too harsh for use in sensitive or soft areas. Further, many of the abrasives and their associated adhesives are not biodegradable so they remain in the plumbing and in the water system long after their use (2). 

Similar concerns arise with single use products, such as wet-wipes, scouring pads, or disposable cleaning heads. Thus, a definitive need exists for abrasive products that are more readily disposable. 

Gently abrasive natural coatings and films have been developed that incorporate agricultural fibers and grains. 

These fibers include mainly wheat straw and rice straw. Grains used in abrasive products include corn, wheat, sorghum, rice, oats, barley, soy meal, and puffed starch beads. The films and coatings so manufactured are generally flushable in conventional toilets. 

Starch from various surplus crops is used as well as agricultural fibers with only little or no economic value. This is particularly important because there are limitations on burning or otherwise disposing of these fibers. 

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Shampoos based on lauryl sulfates can range from 6—17% of the active surfactant. However, though they are effective cleansers, the alkyl sulfates tend to be defatting. In an effort to make these shampoos more mild, many shampoos are now based on blends of amphoterics and alkyl sulfates or the less irritating alkyl ether sulfates. 

Nonwoven wipe categories include products for babies and adults, the food service and electronics industries, medical and clean room appHcations, industrial cleaning, computer diskettes, and household products such as dusters, tea towels, shoe cleaning cloths, towelettes, and hand towels. Nonwoven fabrics are used to filter air, water, petroleum (qv), food, and beverages. Nonwovens loaded with abrasives, cleansers, or finishes can be found in a variety of products used by many industries and in many homes to scour or poHsh. Also, a majority of garments designed to protect industrial workers and consumers from hazardous environments are made from nonwoven fabrics. 

The characteristics of interior paints that require testing and analysis include hiding and appearance, package stabiHty, adhesion, spatter resistance, flow and leveling, color and sheen uniformity, touch-up, stain removal, burnish resistance, and block and print resistance. A popular test that assesses the wet abrasion resistance of an interior paint is to measure its scmb resistance. A mechanical device is used to scmb a paint film of a specified thickness with a standard bmsh and abrasive cleanser suspension. The number of scmb cycles (back and forth movements of the weighted bmsh) at various end points (first cut through, or 50% removal of the film) is then recorded. Scmb resistance usually holds steady or decreases slightly as PVC is increased, but drops quickly once the CPVC is exceeded in a paint formulation. 

Isopropyl alcohol is also employed widely as a solvent for cosmetics (qv), eg, lotions, perfumes, shampoos, skin cleansers, nail poHshes, makeup removers, deodorants, body oils, and skin lotions. In cosmetic appHcations, the acetone-like odor of isopropyl alcohol is masked by the addition of fragrance (144). 

Bithionol and hexachlorophene have been used as anthelmintics in veterinary medicine. In the past, because of its antibacterial activity, bithionol was incorporated into at least 20 medicated skin cleansers manufactured in the United States however, this agent proved to cause skin irritation, and its use as an antibacterial cleanser was discontinued. 

The use of chlorinated trisodium phosphate is declining. It has been largely replaced by chlorinated isocyanurates in powdered abrasive cleansers and automatic dishwash detergents to reduce cost, improve performance, or comply with restrictions on the use of phosphates. Some chlorinated trisodium phosphate is stiU used in commercial laundries and in disinfectant cleaners. 

Another group of chelants that form stable chelates at high pH because of metal—alkoxide coordination are the sugar acids, such as gluconic acid [526-95-4] (1 )- Utility for this group is found in high alkalinity botde washes and other cleansers (19). 

Appllca.tlons. The principal uses are in scouring cleansers and acid metal cleaners for dairy equipment. Use in dishwasher detergents has been supplanted by chlorinated isocyanurates, which are more cost-effective, more stable in hot water, and possess water softening properties. 

Dibasic magnesium hypochlorite can be used as a toilet bowl cleaner (227—229), in laundry and textile bleaches (230,231), and in scouring cleansers (232,233). 

Cosmetics and Toiletries. Citric acid and bicarbonate are used in effervescent type denture cleansers to provide agitation by reacting to form carbon dioxide gas. Citric acid is added to cosmetic formulations to adjust the pH, act as a buffer, and chelate metal ions preventing formulation discoloration and decomposition (213—218). 

As of 1991 in the United States, OTC antiacne preparations may contain only a few active dmgs, for example, sulfur [7704-34-9] resorcinol acetate [102-29-4], resorcinol [108-46-3], salicylic acid [69-72-7], and some combinations (52). OTC anti-acne constituents maybe included in a variety of conventional cosmetic preparations, which then become OTC dmgs. These include lotions, creams, solutions, facial makeups, facial cleansers (including abrasive cleansers), and astringents. Products must contain the specified dmgs at the designated concentrations. Compositions of antiacne products have beenpubhshed (53). 

Skin Cleansers. Their mildness, foaming quahties, water solubiUty, and tolerance of slightly acid conditions (pH 5—6) make many of the surfactants Hsted in Table 8 attractive for use in formulating facial and body cleansers. Irritant quahties of preparations based on one or more of these surfactants can be further modified by the addition of Hpids or agents that lower the defatting (drying) tendencies of the finished product. 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Oral Cleansing Products. Toothpastes and mouthwashes are considered cosmetic oral cleansers as long as claims about them are restricted to cleaning or deodorization. Because deodorization may depend on reduction of microbiota in the mouth, several antimicrobial agents, either quaternaries, such as benzethonium chloride [121 -54-0] or phenoHcs, such as triclosan [3380-35-5] are permitted. Products that include anticaries or antigingivitis agents or claim to provide such treatment are considered dmgs. 

Transparent dentifrices can be prepared from certain xerogel siUcas through use of high levels of polyhydric alcohols. Clarity depends on matching the refractive indexes of the siUca and the Hquid base. Compositions for Hquid facial cleansers (68), shampoos (69), conditioning shampoos (70), dandmff shampoos (71), surfactant bars (72), toothpastes (73), and mouthwashes (74) have been pubUshed. 

Cosmetics for haH care fad. Hito several categories cleansers or shampoos, conditioners, fixatives, coloring products, waving and straightening products, andhaH removers (see Hair preparations). 

Most of the CA produced commercially is chlorinated to produce SDCC, SDCC-H, PDCC, TCCA, and the double salt TCCA4PDCC. These have become standard ingredients in formulations for scouring powders, household bleaches, institutional and industrial cleansers, automatic dishwasher compounds, and general sanitizers, and most importantly, in swimming pool and spa/hot tub disinfection. The choice of chloroisocyanurate for any particular... 

After washing with chlorhexidine skin cleanser for 15 seconds, a 99.9% reduction of transient contaminants was achieved (216). Chlorhexidine is sometimes combined with alcohol to achieve the rapid reduction obtained with alcohol and the residual effect of chlorhexidine. It is substantive to the skin, and repeated use results in lower levels of bacteria on the skin. 

A skin wound cleanser is a nonirritating, Hquid preparation (or product to be used with water) that assists in the removal of foreign material from small superficial wounds, does not delay wound healing, and may contain an antimicrobial ingredient. 

Reviews of antiseptics for skin and wound cleansers (341), a review of methods for testing antiseptics (329), and an overaH review of antiseptics and their testing methods (342) ate avaHable. 

Adequate washing facilities with hot and cold running water, soap or hand cleanser, and drying provisions all conveniently located. 

Wash skin thoroughly to remove all traces of oil Avoid strong soaps, detergents, abrasive skin cleansers... 

Wherever chemicals are handled, adequate washing facilities are required conveniently situated with respect to the workplace. These comprise wash-basins or troughs with a constant supply of hot and cold or warm water soap or liquid hand cleanser clean towels or hot-air driers or disposable paper towels. Typical minimum standards are ... 

In the case of Cleanser Chemicals, Inc., the company formed a multifunctional team to assess commonalities across its existing Safety, Loss Prevention, Security, Medical, Industrial Hygiene and Environment functions. As a result of this assessment, many common requirements and potential work processes were identified, including ... 

Abwaschmittel, n. cleansing agent, cleanser, Abwaschung, /. washing, etc. (see abwaschen) lotion. 

Good washing facilities should be provided, together with hot and cold running water, soap, medically approved skin-cleansers, clean towels and, ideally, showers. In addition, reconditioning creams should be available. The provision of changing rooms, with lockers for working clothes, is recommended. 

Soaps act as cleansers because the two ends of a soap molecule are so different. The carboxylate end of the long-chain molecule is ionic and therefore hydrophilic (Section 2.13), or attracted to w ater. The long hydrocarbon portion of the molecule, however, is nonpolar and hydrophobic, avoiding water and therefore more soluble in oils. The net effect of these tw O opposing tendencies is that soaps are attracted to both oils and water and are therefore useful as cleansers. 

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