Bleach, household

Cuypers, L. et al.. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic— the yin and yang in detergent bleaching. Household and Personal Care Today, 24-27, October 2006. 

Sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate is an important ingredient of many household detergents, working best at temperatures above 60°C. It is also used in dishwasher detergents, denture cleaners, as well as foot and bath salts. The textile industry generally uses hydrogen peroxide for bleaching, but there are a few areas in which sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate is preferred. 

A 5—6% sodium hypochlorite solution is sold for household purposes, of which the largest use is in laundry. Solutions of 10—15% NaOCl are sold for swimming pool disinfection, institutional laundries, and industrial purposes. Solutions of various strengths are used in household and industrial and institutional (I I) cleaners, disinfectants, and mildewcides. A small amount is used in textile mills. Sodium hypochlorite is also made on site with 30—40 g/L available chlorine for pulp bleaching, but its use is decreasing in order to reduce chloroform emissions (see Chlorine oxygen acids and salts). 

The largest use of calcium hypochlorite is for water treatment. It is also used for I I and household disinfectants, cleaners, and mildewcides. Most of the household uses have been limited to in-tank toilet bowl cleaners. In areas where chlorine cannot be shipped or is otherwise unavailable, calcium hypochlorite is used to bleach textiles in commercial laundries and textile mills. It is usually first converted to sodium hypochlorite by mixing it with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and removing the precipitated calcium carbonate. Or, it can be dissolved in the presence of sufficient sodium tripolyphosphate to prevent the precipitation of calcium salts. However, calcium hypochlorite is not usually used to bleach laundry and textiles because of problems with insoluble inorganic calcium salts and precipitation of soaps and anionic detergents as their calcium salts. 

Household and Industrial Bleach Systems, Horth America Forecast to 2000, Colin A. Houston and Associates, Mamaroneck, N.Y., 1988, pp. 2,3. 

Sodium Hypochlorite (Liquid Bleach). Commercial strength Hquid bleach used by industries, laundries, and in swimming pool sanitation, contains 12—15% av CI2 and is sold in 3.8- and 7.6-L polyethylene bottles and 23—57-L carboys, 205-L dmms, and tank tmcks of about 3-kI capacity and greater. Household bleach contains about 5% av CI2 and is sold in 1—5.7-L polyethylene containers. Shipping is limited within a short radius of the plant... 

Household and Industrial bleach Systems, North American forecast to 2000, Colin A. Houston Associates, Inc., Mamaionek, N. Y., June 1988. 

Most of the CA produced commercially is chlorinated to produce SDCC, SDCC-H, PDCC, TCCA, and the double salt TCCA4PDCC. These have become standard ingredients in formulations for scouring powders, household bleaches, institutional and industrial cleansers, automatic dishwasher compounds, and general sanitizers, and most importantly, in swimming pool and spa/hot tub disinfection. The choice of chloroisocyanurate for any particular... 

Several of these compounds and their derivatives are commercially and industrially important. Urea has already been mentioned on p. 311. Again, world production of chloroisocyanurates, (C1NC=0)3, in 1987 was ca. 80000 tonnes (50000 tonnes in USA alone, of which 75% went for swimming pool disinfection and most of the rest for scouring powders, household bleaches and dishwashing powder formulations). 

NafXll — 2500(X) tpa (on a dry basis) u.sed mainly for household liquid bleach, laundries, disinfection of swimming pools, municipal water supplies and sewage, and the industrial manufacture of N2H4 and organic chemicals. 

This is the one example in which metal is not the substrate. Corrosion takes on a new meaning the coating here is required to protect the substrate from direct attack by corrosive substances, from water to more powerful household or industrial chemicals, such as grease, alcohols and bleach. We are concerned with the industrial application of thin protective layers to paper (e.g. labels), card (e.g. playing cards) and many wooden articles, including industrially finished doors, window frames and, particularly, furniture. 

The household bleach solution is more alkaline, since it has it has a higher pH. 

Household bleach is prepared by dissolving chlorine in water. 

Hydrazine, N2H4, is made commercially by this process. Certain byproducts of this reaction, notably NH2C1 and NHC12> are both toxic and explosive, so solutions of household bleach and ammonia should never be mixed with one another. 

Household bleach, 369-370 Household solutions, 81t Hund, Friedrich, 148... 

Sodium hypochlorite is usually sold in solution in water, where it makes a greenish-yellow liquid. (It is too hygroscopic—it absorbs water from the air—to be used conveniently in solid form.) Household bleaches usually contain sodium hypochlorite in a 3 percent to 6 percent solution. Some sodium hydroxide (lye) is added to keep the pH high to avoid decomposition. If the solution is made more acidic, sodium hypochlorite will dissociate, producing chlorine gas and oxygen. 

Sodium hypochlorite is one of the best disinfectants known, capable of killing bacteria, yeasts, fungus, spores, and even viruses. Because it is an excellent disinfectant as well as a bleaching agent, it is used in many household cleaners. Sodium hypochlorite is also used to disinfect water supplies and swimming pools (although calcium hypochlorite in powder or pellet form is often used as a substitute, due to the convenience of its solid form). 

Oxidizing bleaches kill microbes by reacting with cell membranes and cell proteins. The most widely used is sodium hypochlorite for household and hospital uses, and calcium hypochlorite for drinking water and swimming pool disinfecting. 

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