Abrasion , skin

Topical antibiotics exert a direct local effect on specific microorganisms and may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bacitracin (Baciguent) inhibits the cell wall synthesis. Bacitracin, gentamicin (G-myticin), erythromycin (Emgel), and neomycin are examples of topical antibiotics. These drugp are used to prevent superficial infections in minor cuts, wounds, skin abrasions, and minor burns. Erythromycin is also indicated for treatment of acne vulgaris. 

Fig. 9.9. A 52-year-old patient with boxcar acne scars before (a) and 1 month after (b) deep chemical peel and skin abrasion...

The authors have now reviewed in detail four cases of unexpected death following the use of neck holds in PCP-intoxicated individuals. In all of the cases, multiple carotid compression holds had been attempted, according to the history. Skin abrasions, hemorrhage into the soft tissues of the neck, and fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage provide structural evidence of the application of substantial force to the neck. On autopsy, there has been no evidence of lethal injuries to the bronchial tree, bra in, or heart. 

In this study, 4.4 mg of lead equivalent was applied to the skin under a covered wax/plastic patch on the forearms of human subjects of the applied dose, 1.3 mg of lead was not recovered from skin washings. The amount that actually remained in (or on) the skin and the mass balance of the fate of this lead was not determined it may have been absorbed or eliminated from the skin by exfoliation of epidermal cells. Thus, while this study provides evidence for dermal absorption of lead, it did not quantity the fraction of applied dose that was absorbed. The quantitative significance of the dermal absorption pathway as a contributor to lead body burden remains an uncertainty. The wax/plastic patch provided a means by which the lead compounds could permeate or adhere to the skin. The effect of concentration in aqueous solution may cause skin abrasion through enhanced acidity since the lead ion is acidic. Abraded skin is known to promote subsequent higher lead penetration. 

Iodine is the least reactive of the elements in the halogen group 17. Most people associate iodine with the dark-brown color of the tincture of iodine used as an antiseptic for minor skin abrasions and cuts. A tincture is a 50% solution of iodine in alcohol. Although it is still used, iodine is no longer the antibiotic of choice for small skin wounds. Since iodine is a poison that kills bacteria, iodine tablets are often used by campers and others to purify water that is taken from outdoor streams. 

Neomycin is often combined with other antibiotics, such as polymyxin B and bacitracin, and applied as an ointment to prevent any infection of minor skin abrasions, burns, and cuts. 

Superficial ocular infections Ophthalmic fb-inch ribbon in conjunctival sac q3-4h. Skin abrasions, superficial skin infections Topical Apply to affected area 1-5 times a... 

Haley TJ, Hunziker J (1974) Instrument for producing standardized skin abrasions. J Pharm Sci 63 106 Mezei M, Sager RW, Stewart WD, DeRuyter AL (1966) Der-matitic effect of nonionic surfactants. I. Gross, microscopic, and metabolic changes in rabbit skin treated with nonionic surface-active agents. J Pharm Sci 55(6) 584-590 Mezei M (1970) Dermatitic effect of nonionic surfactants. V. The effect of nonionic surfactants on rabbit skin as evaluated by radioactive tracer techniques in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 54 510-517... 

Gram-positive spherical bacteria (cocci) arranged in clusters are staphylococci. Staphylococcus epidermidis is foimd normally on the skin and mucous membranes in high numbers. However, it can cause an infection if an opportunity such as a skin abrasion occms. Staphylococcus aureus is also found on the skin and mucous membranes but in lower numbers than S. epidermidis. It is a much more virulent pathogen and usually causes more serious disease. About half the ocular infections that occur are caused by staphylococci. 

It is reported that chitin causes sigrrificant pain relief in the majority of cases treated with chitin over open woimds (including bums, skin abrasion, skin ulcer, skin graft areas). Studies undertaken on animals showed that animals treated with chitin and chitosan have no or less feeling of pain. 

A 13-year-old girl developed tonic-clonic seizures followed by ventricular fibrillation after subcutaneous infiltration of extensive skin abrasions with 30 mg (0.5 mg/kg) of bupivacaine over about 1 hour. She was successfully resuscitated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation, intravenous diazepam, adrenaline, and sodium bicarbonate (14). 

Hexachlorophene is well absorbed orally and dermal-ly and through mucosal surfaces. In rats, up to 55% of dermally applied hexachlorophene is absorbed in 24 h. Dermal absorption is enhanced by dimethylsulf-oxide and dermatitis or skin abrasions. Placental transfer has been demonstrated in rats. Hexachlorophene is converted to hexachlorophene-jS-o-glucuro-nide in the rat and rabbit. Some hexachlorophene has been found in the blood and adipose tissue. Hexachlorophene was administered intraperitoneally to rats and rabbits excretion was slow and most (48-83%) was excreted unchanged in the feces. Hepatic function is an important determinant in the removal of hexachlorophene. In a rat study, within 3h after administration, 50% was excreted in the bile. Rats given intraperitoneal doses excreted 5 % of the dose in the urine and none as CO2 more than 70% of the material was excreted in feces. 

Skin abrasion (scrape) and laceration (cut) expose the patient to the same risk for infection as bums. Abrasion and lacerations are treated by the following means. 

Some authors prefer to treat acne scars with dermabrasion, on condition that the hand guiding the wheel is expert enough to be able to control the depth of skin abrasion precisely and to vary the depth depending on the area and the size of the scars being treated. Dermabrasion may be prescribed as monotherapy or in combination with other... 

Anthrax is initiated by exposure to heat-resistant endospores of B. anthracis (a dormant form of the organism) that can exist in soil or animal products for decades. The spores enter the body through skin abrasions (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the ingestion of contaminated food (gastrointestinal anthrax). After inhalation of the endospores (the most deadly form of the disease) they are absorbed by macrophages, immune sys-... 

Despite the extensive traditional and current use of Hypericum in skin care and skin disorders targeted pharmacological studies related to these applications have rarely been performed. In a preliminary experimental study in human volunteers, equal quantities of hydroglycolic extracts from Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Anthemis nobilis, Tilia chordata, Centaurea cyanus and Hypericum perforatum were added at a 5 % level into the aqueous phase of 0.5 % hydrocortisone cream. When this preparation was applied to artificially induced skin abrasions, it was found that the plant extracts containing cream accelerated the healing time on an average of 16 % (3.4 days) versus the control [173). However, from this study no conclusions on the active ingredients and the mode of action can be drawn. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (irritates eyes, skin, and respiratory tract) contact (may cause pneumoconiosis, may cause skin abrasions). 

It is extensively used as an effective topieal anaesthetic in thermal and ehemieal bums in dermatologieal lesions, sunburn and skin abrasions in urology, gynaeeology, obstetries and anaesthetic procedures. 

Differentiate between the "Local anaesthetics and the "General Anaesthetics Is it necessary to inelude local anaesthetics as adjuncts in antiseptic creams used in severe bums and painful skin abrasions Explain with typieal examples. 

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