Chondrocytes

One of the main open questions in chondrocyte transplantation is the fate of the implanted cells in vivo. Intended to establish prerequisites for such studies in animal models and to show the feasibility of this approach in 

Chemistry and Physics of Complex Materials Concepts and Applications 

adenosylmenthionine decarboxylase (AdometDC) are two enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis in cells induces metagenesis in cells which leads cancer development, ODC inhibitor DFMO induces polyamine depletion result cytostatic growth inhibitor [5], 

---

Aromatase activity, and hence the capacity to synthesize estrogens, is found in a variety of tissues in the body. Gonadal sites include the ovaries in premenopausal women and the testes in men. Important extragonadal sites of aromatase activity include the placenta, chondrocytes and osteoblasts of bone, adipose tissue, muscle and brain. Aromatase plays an important... 

Chitosan freeze-dried fleeces support chondrocyte attachment and synthesis of extracellular matrix [344]. Chitosan was used to assist the spontaneous tissue repair of the meniscus [345]. The repair of the cartilage and the prevention of its degradation in osteoarthritis is, however, possible with the association of glucosamine sulfate salt and chondroitine sulfate, the latter being particularly effective [346]. 

Kimura, L., Plymer, M., McLean, L., Yamaga. K., Lance, E. (1991). Reaction of antibody to myocbacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein with human chondrocytes. J. Autoimmun. 4, 881-892. 

Kubo, T., Towle, C.A., Mankin, H.J., Treadwell, B.V. (1985). Stress-induced proteins in chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 28, 1140-1145. 

EDI), and water to produce a group of biodegradable PU foams. The interconnected pores varied in size from 10 to 2 mm in diameter. Rabbit bone-marrow stromal cells cultured on the materials for up to 30 days formed multilayers of confluent cells and were phenotypically similar to those grown on tissue culture PS. It supported the adherence and proliferation of both bone-marrow stromal cells and chondrocytes in vitro. In subdermal implants the investigators found that the material showed infiltration of both vascular cells and connective tissue. 

After mRNA splicing, the tropoelastin mRNA is translated at the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in a variety of cells smooth muscle cells, endothelial and microvascular cells, chondrocytes and fibroblasts. The approximately 70 kDa precursor protein (depending on isoform) is synthesized with an N-terminal 26-amino-acid signal peptide. This nascent polypeptide chain is transported into the lumen of the RER, where the signal peptide is removed cotranslationally [9]. 

Setton and Chilkoti applied ELPs as a three-dimensional matrix to entrap chondrocytes. In their study, ELP[VsG3A2-90] with a transition temperature of 35°C at 50 mg/mL in PBS was used. This biopolymer can be used to generate a suspension with cells, which upon injection into a defect site will form a scaffold. They showed that in vitro the resulting ELP gel supported the viability of chondrocytes and the synthesis and accumulation of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix material. This suggested that ELPs indeed could be used for in situ formation... 

Betre H, Ong SR, Guilak F et al (2006) Chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells in elastin-like polypeptide. Biomaterials 27 91-99... 

Anchorin C II May bind type II collagen to surface of chondrocyte. 

Chondronectin is involved in the attachment of type 11 collagen to chondrocytes. 

Cartilage is an avascular tissue and obtains most of its nutrients from synovial fluid. It exhibits slow but continuous turnover. Various proteases (eg, collage-nases and stromalysin) synthesized by chondrocytes can... 

Baker, M.S., Feigan, J. and Lowther, D.A. (1989). The mechanisms of chondrocyte hydrogen peroxide damage. Depletion of intracellular ATP due to suppression of glycolysis caused by oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J. Rheumatol. 16, 7-14. 

IL-1 Macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells, B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes Stimulates fibroblasts and chondrocytes to release matrix metalloproteinases... 

Pulsatelli L, Dolzani P, Piacentini A, et al. Chemokine production by human chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 1999 26(9) 1992-2001. 

Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Macor S, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular chemokines in chondrocytes in vivo constitutive expression and enhancement in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS Lett 1999 455(3) 238-242. 

Kanbe K, Takagishi K, Chen Q. Stimulation of matrix metalloprotease 3 release from human chondrocytes by the interaction of stromal cell-derived factor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4. Arthritis Rheum 2002 46(1) 130-137. 

Rattazzi M, Bennett BJ, Bea F, et al. Calcification of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate arteries of ApoE-deficient mice potential role of chondrocyte-like cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2005 25(7) 1420-1425. 

McMahon Perhaps there is one natural example of that — the hypertrophic chondrocyte. The cells exit the cell cycle and then undergo growth, get bigger and bigger, and their eventual fate is apoptosis. One potential reason for this is that they have reached the limits of growth. 

Hakala BE, White C, Recklies AD 1993 Human cartilage gp-39, a major secretory product of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a mammalian member of a chitinase protein family. J Biol Chem 268 25803-25810... 

Hu B, Trinh K, Figueira WF, Price PA 1996 Isolation and sequence of a novel human chondrocyte protein related to mammalian members of the chitinase protein family. J Biol Chem 271 19415-19420... 

Puzas JE, Sickel MJ, Felter ME. 1992. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes are important target cells for the toxic effects of lead. Neurotoxicology 13(4) 783-788. 

Resting cells do not express iNOS but the capacity to express this enzyme after specific stimuli is present in several tissues. Cells such as macrophages, endothelial cells, kidney cells, chondrocytes, cardiac myocytes, pancreatic islets and fibroblasts... 

Cell morphology Chondrocyte-like Fibroblast-like... 

The latter issue was addressed more recently by Hamilton et al. who developed a trilayer composite consisting of CPP, articular cartilage (CEP), and NP tissue [125]. By sequential seeding of chondrocytes onto the CPP surface followed 2 weeks later by seeding NP cells onto the matrix produced by the chondrocytes, the authors were able to form a tissue composite construct. Although it appeared that the NP cells were able to maintain a rounded morphology, the interfacial shear load required to... 

Ganey T et al (2003) Disc chondrocyte transplantation in a canine model a treatment for degenerated or damaged intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(23) 2609-2620... 

Gorensek M et al (2004) Nucleus pulposus repair with cultured autologous elastic cartilage derived chondrocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 9(2) 363—373... 

Bae H, Kanim M, Zhao L (2008) Human fetal chondrocyte transplants for damaged intervertebral disc. Spine J 8(5) 928-938... 

---