Cartilage articular

The salicylates and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) are important in the treatment of arthritic conditions. For example, the salicylates and NSAIDs are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (a chronic disease characterized by inflammatory changes within the body s connective tissue) and osteoarthritis (a noninflammatory joint disease resulting in degeneration of the articular cartilage and... 

Osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory degenerative joint disease marked by degeneration of the articular cartilage, changes in the synovial membrane, and hypertrophy of the bone at the margins. 

RA is a chronic systemic disease that produces inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissue in the body. It affects joints and other organ systems of the body. Destruction of articular cartilage occurs, affecting joint structure and mobility. RA primarily affects individuals between 20 and 40 years of age. 

Figure 48-6. Dark field electron micrograph of a proteoglycan aggregate in which the proteoglycan subunits and filamentous backbone are particularly well extended. (Reproduced, with permission, from Rosenberg L, Heilman W, Kleinschmidt AK Electron microscopic studies of proteoglycan aggregates from bovine articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 1975 250 1877.)...

Collagen type 11 90-98% of total articular cartilage collagen. Composed of three a1(ll) chains. 

Hydropolymer gel has been considered as a possible candidate for an artificial articular cartilage in artificial joints because it exhibits very low friction when it is in contact with a solid. The origin of such low friction is considered to be associated with the water absorbed in the gel [83-86], some of which is squeezed out from the gel under the load and serves as a lubricant layer between the gel and solid surface, resulting in hydrodynamic lubrication [87, 88]. Although the structural information about the interfacial water is important to understand the role of water for the low frictional properties of hydrogel in contact with a solid and the molecular structure of lubricants other than water at solid/solid interfaces have been investigated theoretically [89-91] and experimentally [92-98], no experimental investigations on water structure at gel/solid interfaces have been carried out due to the lack of an effective experimental technique. 

Fibrillation, loss of volume, and degradation of articular cartilage... 

Villiger PM, Terkeltaub R, Lotz M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in human articular cartilage. Induction by peptide regulatory factors and differential effects of dexamethasone and retinoic acid. J Clin Invest 1992 90(2) 488 196. 

Different tissues in the body have different types of collagen (there are 27 in total) classified as collagen types I, II, and so on. Type I collagen, for example, the most abundant collagen of the human body, makes up the tendons and the organic part of bone type II collagen makes up articular cartilage type IV makes up the eye lens type VII and type XI colla-... 

The latter issue was addressed more recently by Hamilton et al. who developed a trilayer composite consisting of CPP, articular cartilage (CEP), and NP tissue [125]. By sequential seeding of chondrocytes onto the CPP surface followed 2 weeks later by seeding NP cells onto the matrix produced by the chondrocytes, the authors were able to form a tissue composite construct. Although it appeared that the NP cells were able to maintain a rounded morphology, the interfacial shear load required to... 

Sztrolovics R et al (1997) Aggrecan degradation in human intervertebral disc and articular cartilage. Biochem J 326(Pt 1 ) 235—241... 

Hollander AP et al (1996) Enhanced denaturation of the alpha (II) chains of type-II collagen in normal adult human intervertebral discs compared with femoral articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 14(l) 61-66... 

Yasuda T et al (2006) Peptides of type II collagen can induce the cleavage of type II collagen and aggrecan in articular cartilage. Matrix Biol 25(7) 419-429... 

M. Fortin, M. D. Buschmann, M. J. Bertrand, F. S. Foster and J. Ophir, Dynamic measurement of internal solid displacement in articular cartilage using ultrasound backscatter, J. Biomech., 2003, 36, 41t 117. 

McGann, L.E., Kinetics of osmotic water movement in chontrocites isolated from articular cartilage and application to cryopreservation, /. Orthopedic Res., 6,109,1988. 

In the biomedical area, SPHs and SPH composites can be used to make various biomedical devices, such as artificial pancreas, artificial cornea, and artihcial skin, articular cartilage, soft tissue substitutes, cell growth substrates in tissue engineering, burn dressings, surgical augmentation of the female breast, or hemoperfusion in blood detoxification and in the treatment of uremia. 

Penicillamine is an analog of cysteine. Only the d-isomer is used. In patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis which is refractory to treatment with gold compounds it may retard progression of articular cartilage and bone destruction. For these effects to become apparent a latency period of 3 4 month often is needed. Its mechanism is unknown but it supposedly interferes with the synthesis of DNA, collagen and mucopolysaccharides. 

Osteoarthritis proves to be a more complex disease than autoimmune disease, with multiple variable manifestations like knee, hip, hand, DIP, elbow, shoulder, and spinal joints OA, which have different risk factors. The etiology of OA is multifactorial with inflammatory, metabolic and mechanical causes. A number of personal and environmental risk factors, such as obesity, occupation, and trauma, may initiate various pathological pathways. OA comprises degeneration of articular cartilage together with changes in subchondral bone of the joint margins and mild intraarticular inflammation. 

Gout. An inherited metabolic disorder occurring especially in men, characterized by a raised but variable blood uric acid level, recurrent acute arthritis of sudden onset, deposition of crystalline sodium urate in connective tissues and articular cartilage, and progressive chronic arthritis. 

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