Chondrocytes biosynthesis

Villanueva, L, Gladem, S.K., Kessler, J., Bryant, S.J., 2010. Dynamic loading stimulates chondrocyte biosynthesis when encapsulated in charged hydrogels prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) and chondroitin sulfate. Matrix Biology 29, 51-62. 

Lee, C. R., Grodzinsky, A. J., and Pector, M. (2001). The effects of cross-linking of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds on compressive stiffness, chondrocyte-mediated contraction, proliferation and biosynthesis. Biomaterials 22,3145-3154. 

Wuthier, R. E., Majeska, R. J., Collins, G. M. Biosynthesis of matrix vesicles in epiphyseal cartilage. I. In vivo incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into phospholipids of chondrocyte, membrane, and matrix vesicle fractions. Calc. Tiss. Res. 23, 135 (1977)... 

The search for new and effective treatment modalities requires the availability of adequate screening tests. Although no model adequately reflects the events that occur in human arthritic conditions, several in vivo and in vitro assays are used. The most common in vivo animal assays measure the ability of anti-inflammatory drugs to inhibit edema induced in the rat paw by carrageenan (a mucopolysaccharide derived from a sea moss of the Chondrus species), to inhibit adjuvant arthritis in rats induced by Mycobacterium butyricum or M. tuberculosis, to inhibit granuloma formation usually induced by the implantation of a cotton pellet beneath the abdominal skin of rats, or to inhibit erythema of guinea pig skin as a result of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. In vitro techniques include the ability of NSAIDs to stabilize erythrocyte membranes or, more commonly, to inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, particularly in cultured human synoviocytes and chondrocytes, and monocyte culture fluid stimulated bovine synoviocytes and chondrocytes. 

Biosynthesis. — Up to 56% of sulphated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explant cultures of human and rabbit articular chondrocytes are located in the trypsin-digestible pericellular coat. ° Sulphate is incorporated into both D-glucopyranosyluronic acid and L-idopyranosyluronic acid residues in hybrid glycosaminoglycans by monolayers of chick embryo arterial fibroblasts. Several oligosaccharides, released on treatment with chondroitin lyase ABC and chondroitin lyase AC, have been characterized. 

Hauselmann HJ, Oppliger L, Michel BA et al. Nitric oxide and proteoglycan biosynthesis by human articular chondrocytes in alginate culture. FEBS Lett 1994 352 361-4. 

Methods Chondrocyte biomechanics and biosynthesis have been measured in rabbit knee cartilage (in situ) and in the intact mouse knee (in vivo). Imaging is performed using two-photon excitation microscopy. Deformations of cells... 

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