Veterinary vaccines

The regulation also stipulates that a maximum of three courses of treatment with chemically synthesised allopathic veterinary medical products or antibiotics within one year (or no more than one course of treatment if the productive life cycle is less than one year) is acceptable. These regulations are designed to encourage the use of preventive management and alternative treatments for the control of parasites and diseases. Vaccinations, veterinary medicine treatments for parasites and any compulsory eradication schemes established by Member States are exempt from the treatment maximums, in order to ensure animal welfare. 

Rickard, M.D. and Adolph, A.J. (1976) Vaccination of calves against Taenia saginata infection using a parasite-free vaccine. Veterinary Parasitology, 389-392. 

Xu, S., Shi, F., Shen, W., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Ye, P., Tian, E., Qian, C., Lin, B., Shi, Y. and Zhang, Z. (1995) Vaccination of sheep against Schistosoma japonicum with either glutathione S-transferase, keyhole limpet haemocyanin or the freeze/thaw schistosomula/BCG vaccine. Veterinary Parasitology 58, 301-312. 

ACE inhibitor Fibrinolytic therapy Menopausal osteoporosis Antidiabetic Toxemia of pregnancy Veterinary drug Vaccine, veterinary drug Antiviral... 

AGNEW, w. BARNES, A. C. (2007) Streptococcus iniae an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination. Veterinary Microbiology, 122,1-15. 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has regulatory responsibility for veterinary biologicals, which is exercised by its Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The regulated products include vaccines, bacterins and diagnostics, which are used to prevent, treat, or diagnose animal diseases. The Center for Veterinary... 

GL41 TAS reversion to virulence Examination of live Veterinary Vaccines in Target Animals for Absence of Reversion to Virulence... 

A second focus for chemical engineers in agriculture is the improvement of veterinary pharmaceuticals (e.g., peptide hormones that promise to stimulate growth, fecundity, and feed efficiency in farm animals) and vaccines. The prospects for improvement of these compounds parallel the bright prospects for human pharmaceuticals and vaccines, and the requirements for chemical engineering expertise are similar. 

The relevance of the target-animal safety test for batch safety testing of vaccines for veterinary use EU... 

Andrews, S.J., Rolph, T.P. and Munn, E.A (1997) Duration of protective immunity against ovine haemonchosis following vaccination with the nematode gut membrane antigen Hll. Research in Veterinary Science 62, 223—227. 

Boisvenue, R.J., Stiff, M.I., Tonkinson, L.V., Cox, G.N. and Hageman, R. (1992) Fibrinogen-degrading proteins from Haemonchus contortus used to vaccinate sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, 1263-1265. 

Emery, D.L. (1996) Vaccination against worm parasites of animals. Veterinary Parasitology 64, 31-45. 

Watson, D.L. (1992), Vaccination against experimental staphylococcal mastitis in dairy heifers . Res Vet Sci. London British Veterinary Association, Nov, 346-353. 

Although most biopharmaceuticals approved to date are intended for human use, a number of products destined for veterinary application have also come on the market. One early such example is that of recombinant bovine GH (Somatotrophin), which was approved in the USA in the early 1990s and used to increase milk yields from dairy cattle. Additional examples of approved veterinary biopharmaceuticals include a range of recombinant vaccines and an interferon-based product (Table 1.7). 

In order to overcome environmental concerns in particular, some companies are investigating the use of engineered plant cell lines as opposed to intact transgenic plants in the context of biopharmaceutical production. One company (DowAgroSciences) gained approval in 2006 for a veterinary subunit vaccine against Newcastle disease in poultry produced by such means. 

The application of vaccine technology forms a core element of modern medicinal endeavour. It plays a central role in both human and veterinary medicine and represents the only commonly employed prophylactic (i.e. preventative) approach undertaken to control many infectious diseases. The current (annual) global vaccine market stands at in excess of US 3 billion. Immunization programmes, particularly those undertaken on a multinational scale, have served to reduce dramatically the incidence of many killer/disabling diseases, such as smallpox, polio and tuberculosis. 

Figure 13.14 Overview of the manufacture of the veterinary vaccine Porcilis pesti. Refer to text for specific details...

Saponins are a family of glycosides (sugar derivatives) widely distributed in plants. Each saponin consists of a sugar moiety bound to a sapogenin (either a steroid or a triterpene). The immunostimulatory properties of the saponin fraction isolated from the bark of Quillaja (a tree) has been long recognized. Quil A (which consists of a mixture of related saponins) is used as an adjuvant in selected veterinary vaccines. However, its haemolytic potential precludes its use in human vaccines. Research efforts continue in an attempt to identify individual saponins (or derivatives thereof) that would make safe and effective adjuvants for use in human medicine. 

ISCOMs are stable (non-covalent) complexes composed of a mixture of Quil A, cholesterol and (an amphipathic) antigen. ISCOMs stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses and have been used in the production of some veterinary vaccines. Their use in humans, however, has not been licensed so far, mainly due to safety concerns relating to the Quil A component. 

Hilton, L.S., Bean, A.G., and Lowenthal, J.W. 2002. The emerging role of avian cytokines as immunotherapeutics and vaccine adjuvants. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 85(3-4), 119-128. 

Yokoyama, N., Maeda, K., and Mikami, T. 1997. Recombinant viral vector vaccines for veterinary use. Journal... 

The results presented in this chapter demonstrate that enhanced immunogenic efficacy can be achieved by using liposphere-based formulations, indicating the potential usefulness of lipospheres in the formulation of human and veterinary vaccines. The liposphere approach employs the fat-lipid environment to achieve several goals to serve as a carrier to protect the antigen, to serve as a depot, and to provide a surface interphase necessary for adjuvant activity. The ability to provide different surface... 

Caution Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk products and practice good veterinary vaccination practices to avoid natural forms of brucellosis. In a terrorism attack with aerosol, livestock could possibly become contaminated. If this occurs, animal products should be pasteurized, boiled, or thoroughly cooked prior to eating. Water would have to be treated by boiling or iodination after any intentional contamination with brucella aerosols. 

Vaccines There is no human vaccine available for brucellosis, although there are a number animal vaccines since this disease is one of the most important veterinary diseases in the entire world. 

Vaccination against viral and bacterial diseases has been one of the success stories of human and veterinary medicine. Probably the most outstanding example of the effectiveness of vaccination is the eradication of smallpox. In 1967 between 10 and 15 million cases of smallpox occurred annually in some 33 countries. By 1977 the last naturally occurring case was reported in Somalia. Polio, too, has been controlled in developed countries, for example the number of cases in the USA was reduced from over 40,000 per year in the early 1950s, before a vaccine was available, to only a handful of cases in the 1980s. Diphtheria is now almost unheard of yet over 45,000... 

The pharmaceuticals segment (SIC 283) consists of some 1,225 corporations whose primary business is the development, manufacturing, and marketing of medicinal chemicals and botanicals in vitro and other diagnostic substances to diagnose or monitor the state of human or veterinary health bacterial and virus vaccines. 

Pharmaceuticals include prescription and over-the-counter drugs, diagnostic substances, vaccines, vitamins, and preparations for both human and veterinary uses. 

---