Trichuris muris

There is good evidence, for a number of helminth species, that different parasite lines vary in their infection characteristics in hosts, much of which is reviewed by Read and Viney (1996). For example, different isolates of Trichinella spiralis vary in the kinetics of their primary infection in the same mouse strain. Crucially, these differences are removed when mice are immunosuppressed (Bolas-Fernandez and Wakelin, 1989). Analogous observations have been made for Trichuris muris in mice. Different isolates differed in the kinetics of infection and expulsion. However, in immunosuppressed mice, all isolates had similar fecundity (Bellaby et al., 1995). Combined, these observations show immune-dependent variation between parasite lines in their infection kinetics. 

Bellaby, T., Robinson, K., Wakelin, D. and Behnke, J.M. (1995) Isolates of Trichuris muris vary in their ability to elicit protective immune responses to infection in mice. Parasitology 111, 353-357. 

Table 17.1. Mean worm burdens in IL-13 knockout (KO), IL-4 KO and wild-type mice at day 35 post-Trichuris muris infection.

Artis, D., Potten, C.S., Else, K.J., Finkelman, F.D. and Grencis, R.K. (1999b) Trichuris muris. host intestinal epithelial cell hyperproliferation during chronic infection is regulated by interferon-y. Experimental Parasitology 92, 144-153. 

Betts, C.J. and Else, K.J. (1999) Mast cells, eosinophils, and antibody-mediated-cellular-cytotoxicity are not critical in resistance to Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 21, 45-52. 

Else, K.J. and Wakelin, D. (1988) The effects of H-2 and non H-2 genes on the expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris from inbred and congenic mice. Parasitology 96, 543-550. 

Else, KJ. and Wakelin, D. (1989) Genetic variation in the humoral immune response of mice to the nematode Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 11, 77-90. 

Else, KJ., Wakelin, D., Wassom, D.L. and Hauda, KM. (1990a) The influence of genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex on resistance to Trichuris muris infections in mice. Parasitology 101, 61-67. 

Faulkner H.F., Renauld, J.C., Van Snick, J. and Grencis, R.K (1998) Interleukin-9 enhances resistance to the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Infection and Immunity 66, 3832-3840. 

Koyama, K., Tamanchi, H. and Ito, Y. (1995) The role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in protective immunity to the murine parasite Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 17, 161-165. 

Koyama, K., Tamauchi, H., Tomita, M., Kitajima, T. and Ito, Y. (1999) B cell activation in the mesenteric lymph nodes of resistant BALB/c mice infected with the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Parasitology Research 85, 194—199. 

Soltys, J., Goyal, P.K. and Wakelin, D. (1999) Cellular immune responses in mice infected with the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Experimental Parasitology 92, 40-47. 

Else, KJ., Hultner, L. and Grencis, R.K. (1992) Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. II. Differential induction of TH-cell subsets in resistant versus susceptible mice. Immunology 75, 232-237. 

Pennock JL, Behnke JM, Bickle QD, Devaney E, Grends RK, Isaac RE, Joshua GWR Selkirk ME, Zhang Y, Meyer DJ (1998) Rapid purification and characterization of L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris and Brugia pahangi. Biochem J 335 495 98... 

The Trichuris muris System A Paradigm of Resistance and Susceptibility to Intestinal Nematode Infection L.J. Cliffe and R.K. Grencis... 

In the nematodes the five soluble enzymes of pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis were found in crude extracts of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris (81). The first enzyme of de novo synthesis, glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, was deteeted in Ascaris ovary extracts (115), and aspartate transcarbamoylase activity, the second enzyme of de novo synthesis, was found in A. suum (113). 

IFN-y Trichuris muris Polarizes Th-1 immune response (inappropriate antihelminthic immune response) 35... 

MIF Trichuris muris Probably controls migration of immune cells to the infection site 37... 

The antiparasitic properties of essential oils from A. absinthium, Artemisia annua, and Artemisia scoparia were tested on intestinal parasites Hymenolepis nana, Lamblia intestinalis, Syphacia obvelata, and Trichocephalus muris Trichuris muris). Infested white mice were injected with 0.01 mL/g of the essential oils (6%) twice a day for 3 days. The effectiveness of the essential oils was observed in 70% 90% of the tested animals (Chobanov et al., 2004). 

However, this seemingly strong association between human and rat eosinophils and IgE-mediated diseases has been unclear in mice. For example, analyses of the effects of antibodies to IL-5 on helminth-induced eosinophilia have shown that anti-IL-5 suppresses blood eosinophilia and eosinophil infiltration into the tissues of parasitized animals. However, ablation of eosinophilia by anti-IL-5 was not associated with a diminution of resistance in mice infected with S. mansoni (26) or with Trichinella spiralis (27). These findings suggest that eosinophils are not involved in the expression of immunity to these parasites, at least in these mouse models. In contrast, mice infected with Trichuris muris showed the exactly opposite findings. In this infection, the resistance to infection was associated with the production of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5, tissue eosinophilia, and intestinal IgA production (28). Furthermore, in murine asthma models, the experiments using anti-IL-5 showed that neither IL-5 nor eosinophils were required for airway hyperresponsiveness in BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with... 

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