Immune responses cellular defence

It is generally accepted that two types of immune response are involved in the host defence against salmonellosis - cellular and humoral (41). In attempts to control salmonellosis by active immunization of humans, or of animals in experimental model systems, living vaccines have been superior to killed vaccines consequently, cellular immunity has been considered to be of greater importance for the host resistance (42, 43). 

The humoral and cellular immune systems function jointly as an acquired defence against infection. Whether the humoral or the cellular defence system is predominantly used depends in the individual case on the nature of the pathogen or the foreign body, the reactivity of the organism and the mode of infection. The humoral immune response proceeds via the B-l)miphocytes and plasma cells, while the cellular immune response is mediated via the T-l)miphocytes. The haematopoetic stem cells mature into B-lympho-cytes. These are further transformed to plasma cells, which in turn synthesize IgM, but they can also switch to produce IgA and IgG. (99)... 

This active substance suppresses the release of interleukin 1 from monocytes and the synthesis of interleukins 2, 3 and 4 as well as of TNF-a from T helper cells T cell proliferation, macrophage stimulation and B cell activation are inhibited. Even at an early stage of the immune reaction, this leads to the suppression of both humoral and cellular immune responses. The body s bacterial defence is still not significantly influenced, as the phagocytic activity of the RES is barely inhibited by cyclosporine. Bioavailability is about 35% following oral application it is almost completely metabolized in the body and eliminated predominantly via the bile. Clin-... 

The continuing problems presented by viral infection can only be addressed by vigorous integrated research from the molecular to population level. At the molecular and cellular levels of enquiry, the last twenty years have achieved much on understanding the language of the host inflammatory and immune response to infection via the cytokine network. Within this sphere comes the chemokines and their multiple and fascinating role in defence from infection. 

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