Cellular adaptive immune response

Cellular Components of Adaptive Immune Responses are T- and B-Lymphocytes whereas Humoral Components are Antibodies. 

The innate and the adaptive arms of the immune systems of higher organisms are bridged by a complex set of cellular and molecular mediators. The immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides, such as the direct chemotactic activity, cytokine and chemokine induction, and the stimulation of differentiation and activation of effector cells, may contribute to this process. Host defense peptides may also influence the polarization of adaptive immune response, for example, through their effects on cytokine production. ... 

The pattern of proinflammatory cytokines produced has implications for the character of the adaptive immune response, which will occur if the host is exposed to a foreign antigen. A T-helper type 1 (Thl) cytokine profde polarizes the immune response towards a cellular immune response, whereas a T-helper type 2 (Th2) profde favors antibody responses (Mos-mann and Coffman, 1987). IFN-y is a marker of a Thl response, and lL-4 is indicative of a Th2 response. There is evidence that morphine given in vivo biases the immune response toward a Th2 response (Roy et al., 2004). The consequences of this apparent shift toward Th2-type immunity are not clear, since other studies show that antibody production is suppressed in animals treated simUarly with morphine (Bus-siere et al., 1993). These results wUl be discussed in greater detaU below. 

AMPs can act as adjuvants for adaptive immune responses, enhancing specific and protective responses. LL-37 [200], cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) [189] and mouse BD-2 [201] enhanced antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and induced protective anti-tumor immunity in some conditions [200]. It has been suggested that even low doses of AMPs can influence immune responses, since LL-37 has a synergistic activity with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-ip [155,196]. 

We assumed that IC31 - that is, the combination of KLKL5KLK and ODNla - would result in an effective adjuvant, and we are currently investigating the potency of IC31 on the induction of adaptive immune responses. Initial results indicate that peptide-specific type 1 cellular immune responses and protein-specific mixed type 1/ type 2 cellular and humoral immune responses are induced. This implies that... 

The inflammatory (innate) and immune (adaptive) responses have common components. It is possible to have inflammatory responses only with no adaptive immune response. In this situation, both humoral and cellular components that are shared by both types of responses may only participate in the inflammatory response. Table 13 indicates the common components to the inflammatory (innate) and immune (adaptive) responses. Maaophages and dendritic cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) responsible for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. 

Extracellular barriers in systemic delivery involve hurdles to nucleic acid delivery encountered from the point of injection to the surface of the cellular target. For cationic polymer-based systems, these barriers typically include the toxicity of the nanoparticles, interactions with semm proteins, extracellular matrices, and nonspecific cell surfaces, clearance by the innate immune system, aggregation due to physiological salt conditions, and evasion of the adaptive immune response. Ideally, the nanoparticle should (1) remain nontoxic, small, and dis-aete, (2) bypass the immune system, and (3) interact only with the cells of interest. Efforts to prepare polymer systems that endow nanoparticles with these characteristics are discussed below. 

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