Chronic viral diseases

Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan... 

IRIV adjuvance in hepatitis A vaccination has been demonstrated as enhancement of humoral responses (1). There are only few adjuvants licensed for human use and they predominantly enhance humoral immune responses (2-4). In view of chronic viral diseases, infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and cancer immunotherapy, there is a need for appropriate adjuvants that have the capability to enhance cellular immune responses, in particular cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses (4,5). Here, we addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and IRIV capacity to enhance CTL responses. 

Adjuvants enhancing HLA class I-restricted CTL responses are especially needed for treatment or prevention of chronic viral diseases and infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and for cancer immunotherapy. Among the very few adjuvants licensed for human use, we evaluated the capacity of IRIV to enhance HLA class I-restricted CTL responses in vitro. We addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and the induction of CTL specific to IM58 66 and Melan-A/Mart-127-35 epitopes. Proliferation assays, cytokine expression studies, and phenotypes of CD4+ T-cells demonstrated that IRIV... 

M ore than 200 viruses have been identified as capable of producing disease Acute viruses, such as the common cold, have a rapid onset and quick recovery. Chronic viral infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), have recurrent episodes of exacerbations (increases in severity of symptoms of the disease) and remissions (periods of partial or complete disappearance of the signs and symptoms). Display 14-1 describes the viruses discussed in this chapter. 

Arvin AM, Alford CA (1990) Chronic intrauterine and perinatal infections. In Galasso GJ, Whitley RJ, Merigan TC (eds) Antiviral agents and viral diseases of man, 3rd edn. Raven,... 

A broad and vigorons T cell response generally accompanies elimination of HBV as well as HCV infection. By contrast, patients with chronic hepatitis B or C tend to have late, transient, or narrow T cell responses. In a long-term follow-up of HBV-infected patients receiving HPC transplants from HBV-immune individuals, 20 of 31 recipients cleared their HBV infection (Hui et al. 2005). In principle, these results encourage the development of adoptive T cell transfer strategies for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. However, it is still controversial whether induction of an efficient T cell response is the cause or the consequence of viral clearance. Furthermore, T cell responses do not only contribute to virus control but also to disease pathology (Rehermann and Nascimbeni 2005). 

Interferon-/ 143 amino acids, glycosylated E. coli Chronic granulomatous disease Approved for sale In clinical trials for treatment of cancer and viral diseases... 

Cirrhosis is the result of long-term insult to the liver, so damage is typically not evident clinically until the fourth decade of life. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis combined were the 12th leading cause of death in the United States in 2002. In patients between the ages of 25 and 64, damage from excessive alcohol use accounted for over one-half of the deaths.2 Alcoholic liver disease and viral hepatitis are the most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States and worldwide. 

Chronic hepatitis (disease lasting longer than 6 months) is usually associated with hepatitis B, C, and D. Chronic viral hepatitis may lead to the development of cirrhosis, which may induce end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Complications of ESLD include ascites, edema, jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, infections, and bleeding esophageal varices. Therefore, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis may prevent ESLD. 

Patients with viral hepatitis B, C, and D may develop chronic disease leading to ESLD. Treatment is only available for chronic liver disease associated with HBV, HCV, and HDV.20,21... 

Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large intestine and the rectum Urticaria a skin condition characterised by pruritus Uterine fibroids fibrous tissue growth in the uterus Verrucas viral skin infection, wart... 

Interferon gamma is an activator of macrophages. Its anti-viral activity is limited compared to that of interferon alfa. Human recombinant interferon gamma restores, at least in part, macrophage cytotoxicity and with that decreases the incidence of infections in patients with chronic granulomatous diseases. Its adverse effects consist mainly of flu-like syndrome skin rashes may occur. 

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that is a common cause of parenterally acquired viral hepatitis chronic infection follows acute infection in 80% to 85% of cases. Although liver disease resulting from chronic HCV infection is only slowly progressive, HCV is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States, the most common etiology for hepatocellular carcinoma, and the leading indication for liver transplantation [34-36]. 

Acute and chronic viral, bacterial, microbial and parasitic infections, skin disease, metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease and kidney disease. 

The regulation of immune parameters by P. major leaf extract (plantain) may be clinically relevant in numerous diseases including chronic viral infections, tuberculosis, AIDS, and cancer. 

Milk thistle has been used to treat acute and chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and toxin-induced liver injury in human patients. Milk thistle has most often been studied in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. In both of these disorders, outcomes have been mixed and reports include significant reductions in markers of liver dysfunction and in mortality, as well as no effect. In acute viral hepatitis, studies have generally involved small sample sizes and have shown mixed outcomes of improved liver function (eg, aminotransferase values, bilirubin, prothrombin time) or no effect. Studies in chronic viral hepatitis and toxin-induced injury have also been of small size but have reported mostly favorable results. Parenteral silybin is marketed and used in Europe as an antidote in Amanitaphalloides mushroom poisoning, based on favorable outcomes reported in case-control studies. 

Infectious liver diseases are caused by infiltration of viruses, bacteria, or parasites into liver cells. The most common chronic viral infections are caused by the hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These viruses all have a specific... 

Primary liver cancer, or HCC, is a rare type of cancer in Western countries, but occurs frequently in Africa and Asia. HCC is often the sequel to chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, nutritional deficiencies, or specitic toxins. More common types of cancer occurring in the liver are metastatic diseases, which originate mainly from primary gastrointestinal tumors. For the growth of these and other solid tumors, sprouting of the vascular system, called angiogenesis, is essential to provide an adequate blood supply to the tumor cells. Nutrients and oxygen are needed for the proliferation of tumor cells [134-136],... 

Interferons (IFN) are glycoproteins that, among other products, are released from virus-infected cells. In neighboring cells, interferon stimulates the production of antiviral proteins. These inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins by (preferential) destruction of viral DNA or by suppressing its translation. Interferons are not directed against a specific virus, but have a broad spectrum of antiviral action that is, however, species-specific. Thus, interferon for use in humans must be obtained from cells of human origin, such as leukocytes (IFN-a), fibroblasts (IFN-p), or lymphocytes (IFN-y). Interferons are used in the treatment of certain viral diseases, as well as malignant neoplasias and autoimmune diseases e.g., IFN-a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hairy cell leukemia and IFN-p in severe herpes virus infections and multiple sclerosis. 

Qll Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis can be caused either by viral or bacterial infections. Production of thick, green sputum suggests Chandra has a bacterial infection. Common bacterial pathogens affecting the lung include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. It is recommended that COPD patients receive influenza vaccine each year pneumoccocal vaccine is also often recommended in chronic lung disease and may prevent recurrence of chest infection in the elderly. 

The half-life of paracetamol has been shown to be prolonged during acute viral hepatitis and in patients with severe chronic liver disease. Most studies were single-dose studies. One study looked at the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (1 g) in ten patients with acute viral hepatitis (ALT increased at least tenfold and acute onset of symptoms) and 20 controls. In the hepatitis patients the paracetamol dose was given in both the acute phase and in the convalescence phase (approximately one month after complete biochemical recovery). At the time of the acute attack, peak concentrations of paracetamol did not differ significantly compared to the recovery phase, nor to the 20 controls. However, during acute hepatitis the half-life of paracetamol was significantly increased compared to the convalescent phase (3.2 h vs... 

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