Nematodes parasites

The Baermann concentration technique has greater sensitivity for the detection of strongyloides larvae than do the standard concentration techniques described above. This technique is useful clinically for the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy of strongyloides infections, and it is useful epidemiologically for the examination of soil for the larvae of nematode parasites. 

Anderson, R.C. (1992) Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

Selkirk, M.E., Smith, V.P., Thomas, G.R. and Gounaris, K. (1998) Resistance of filarial nematode parasites to oxidative stress. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1315-1332. 

Nematode-host interactions are complex and poorly understood. The relationship between cyst nematodes and their hosts appears to have co-evolved, and as a result there are numerous genes for host resistance that are complemented by nematode parasitism genes (Triantaphyllou, 1987). Different alleles of these genes may interact in various combinations to give... 

The interaction of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) with soybean (Glycine max) has been extensively studied in the United States. This system has been used as a model to dissect the genetics of nematode parasitism, mainly due to the tractability of classical genetic manipulation of the nematode. The remainder of this brief review will focus on the SCN side of the interaction with its host and the progress that has been made in unravelling the complex genetic systems controlling parasitic behaviour. 

Triantaphyllou, A.C. (1987) Genetics of nematode parasitism on plants. In Veech, J.A. and Dickson, D.W. (eds) Vistas on Nematology. Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland. 

It is obviously not possible to provide a comprehensive review of plant nematology in one chapter, and readers are directed to descriptions of the taxonomy (Nickle, 1991), morphology (Bird and Bird, 1991), physiology and biochemistry (Perry and Wright, 1998) and cell biology (Fenoll et al., 1997b) of plant-parasitic nematodes. Rather, examples will be provided from plant-parasitic nematodes that emphasize the catholic nature of nematode parasitism. Understanding how the host and parasite communicate,... 

Hussey, R.S. and Grundler, F.M.W. (1998) Nematode parasitism of plants. In Perry, R.N. and Wright, D.J. (eds) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-Living and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 213-243. 

Cookson, E., Blaxter, M. and Selkirk, M. (1992) Identification of the major soluble cuticular glycoprotein of lymphatic filarial nematode parasites (gp29) as a secretory homolog of glutathione-peroxidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 5837-5841. 

Blackburn, C.C. and Selkirk, M.E. (1992b) Inactivation of platelet activating factor by a putative acetylhydrolase from the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Immunology 75, 41 -A 6. 

Grigg, M.E., Gounaris, K. and Selkirk, M.E. (1996) Characterisation of a platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase secreted by the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. BiochemicalJournal 317, 541-547. 

Lee, D.L. (1996) Why do some nematode parasites of the alimentary tract secrete acetylcholinesterase InternationalJournalfor Parasitology 26, 499-508. 

Rajan, T.V. (1998) A hypothesis for the tissue specificity of nematode parasites. Experimented Parasitology 89, 140—142. 

Recent advances in glycobiology have significantly increased interest in nematode glycoconjugates (Dell et al., 1999a,b). As detailed structural analysis deciphers the intricate labyrinth of their molecular architecture, functional issues are beginning to be rationally addressed. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the glycobiology of nematode parasitism... 

Kennedy, M.W., Qureshi, F., Fraser, E.M., Haswell-Elkins, M.R., Elkins, D.B. and Smith, H.V. (1989) Antigenic relationships between the surface-exposed, secreted and somatic materials of the nematode parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 75, 493-500. 

Maizels, R.M., Burke, L. and Denham, D.A. (1987c) Phosphorylcholine-bearing antigens in filarial nematode parasites analysis of somatic extracts, in-vitro secretions and infection sera from Brugia malayi and B. pahangi. Parasite Immunology 9, 49-66. 

Tomlinson, L.A., Christie, J.F., Fraser, E.M., Mclaughlin, D., Mcintosh, A.E. and Kennedy, M.W. (1989) MHC restriction of the antibody repertoire to secretory antigens, and a major allergen, of the nematode parasite Ascaris. Journal of Immunology 143, 2349-2356. 

Else, K.J. and Grencis, R.K. (1996) Antibody-independent effector mechanisms in resistance to the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Infection and Immunity 64, 2950-2954. 

Emery, D.L. and Wagland, B.M. (1991) Vaccines against gastrointestinal nematode parasites of ruminants. Parasitology Today 7, 347-349. 

Finkelman, F.D., Madden, K.B., Cheever, A.W., Katona, I.M., Morris, S.C., Gately, M.K., Hubbard, B.R., Cause, W.C. and Urban, J.F. (1994) Effects of IU12 on immune responses and host protection in mice infected with intestinal nematode parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, 1563-1572. 

Koyama, K., Tamauchi, H., Tomita, M., Kitajima, T. and Ito, Y. (1999) B cell activation in the mesenteric lymph nodes of resistant BALB/c mice infected with the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Parasitology Research 85, 194—199. 

McKay, D.M., Benjamin, M., Baca-Estrada, M., D Inca, R., Croitoru, K. and Perdue, M.H. (1995) Role of T lymphocytes in secretory response to an enteric nematode parasite. Studies in athymic rats. Digestive Disease Sciences 40, 331-337. 

Newton, S.E. and Munn, E.A. (1999) The development of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematode parasites, particularly Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology Today 15, 116-122. 

Williams, D.J. and Behnke, J.M. (1983) Host protective antibodies and serum immunoglobulin isotypes in mice chronically infected or repeatedly immunized with the nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius. Immunology 48, 37—17. 

Increased numbers of goblet cells (GCs) and qualitative changes in mucus secretions are coincident with infection with a number of nematode parasites and it has been proposed that mucin proteins mediate this response by enveloping the parasites and/or interrupting attachment (Nawa et al., 1994). However, the role of GCs and mucus in the generation of a protective response versus its role in resolving intestinal inflammation following infection with GI nematode parasites remains unresolved. 

Mucins are also thought to act in cooperation with trefoil proteins in the protection and repair of the epithelium (Kindon et al., 1995). Trefoil factors are expressed along the GI tract and increased levels are noted near sites of inflammation and ulcerative lesions (Babyatsky et al., 1996). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that mouse intestinal trefoil factor may play a role in the alteration of the physicochemical nature of GC mucins during N. brasiliensis infection (Tomita et al., 1995). Perhaps in GI nematode parasite infection mucins are not aiding in the host s protective expulsion of the parasite, but rather are functioning in the repair of the damaged intestinal epithelium. 

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