Intestinal nematodes

Phenothia2ine [58-37-7] (thiodiphenylamine) is used orally against intestinal nematodes of mminants and horses. It is used with occasional gastrointestinal upset, hemolytic processes, and photosensitivity. It is used routinely at low concentrations on horse farms to suppress the egg production of intestinal parasites (strongyles) and thus limit pasture contamination and transmission (4). 

Maguire JH. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2005 3260-3267. 

Skorping, A., Read, A.F. and Keymer, A.E. (1991) Life history covariation in intestinal nematodes of mammals. Oikos 60, 365-372. 

Simple passive immunization with Tyv-specific antibodies does not protect adult rats against T. spiralis, however, it has been shown that prior infection with an unrelated intestinal nematode (Heligmosomoides polygyrus) in combination with passive immunization with Tyv-specific antibodies promotes expulsion of T. spiralis larvae (Bell et al, 1992). The way(s) that II. polygyrus infection synergizes with antibodies is not known. 

T Helper Cell Cytokine Responses During Intestinal Nematode Infection Induction, Regulation and Effector Function... 

A cardinal role for IL-4 in host protection against intestinal nematode infection was first shown in the H. polygyrus challenge model. Worm expulsion was delayed following treatment with anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibodies, while control treated animals successfully cleared infection (Urban et al., 1991b). Blockade of the IL-4 receptor effectively prevents the in vivo function of IL-4 and IL-13, as these two cytokines share the IL-4 receptor a-chain for signalling functions (Lin et al, 1995). In... 

Eosinophilia is a hallmark of intestinal nematode infection and is known to be under the control of IL-5 (Finkelman et al., 1992). As discussed above, treatment with anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (and so ablation of eosinophilia) had no effect on expulsion of T. muris, 77. polygyms, N. brasiliensis or T. spiralis infections, suggesting that either redundant mechanisms operate under these circumstances or that eosinophils are not a critical component of effector responses operating against most murine... 

Albonico, M., Crompton, D.W.T. and Savioli, L. (1999) Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. Advances in Parasitology 42, 277-341. 

Bancroft, A.J., Else, K.J., Sypek, J. and Grencis, R.K. (1997) IH12 promotes a chronic intestinal nematode infection. European Journal of Immunology 27, 866-870. 

Chan, M.S. (1997) The global burden of intestinal nematode infections - fifty years on. Parasitology Today 13, 438—443. 

Cooper, E.S., Whyte-Alleng, C.A.M., Finzi-Smith, J.S. and McDonald, T.T. (1992) Intestinal nematode infections in children the pathophysiological price paid. Parasitology 104, S91-S103. 

Dehlawi, M.S., Wakelin, D. and Behnke, J.M. (1987) Suppression of mucosal mastocytosis by infection with the intestinal nematode Nematospiroides dubius. Parasite Immunology 12, 561-566. 

Interleukin-9 is involved in host protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection. European Journal of Immunology 27, 2536-2540. 

Faulkner H.F., Renauld, J.C., Van Snick, J. and Grencis, R.K (1998) Interleukin-9 enhances resistance to the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Infection and Immunity 66, 3832-3840. 

Finkelman, F.D., Madden, K.B., Cheever, A.W., Katona, I.M., Morris, S.C., Gately, M.K., Hubbard, B.R., Cause, W.C. and Urban, J.F. (1994) Effects of IU12 on immune responses and host protection in mice infected with intestinal nematode parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, 1563-1572. 

Ito, Y. (1991) The absence of resistance in congenitally athymic nude mice toward infection with the intestinal nematode, Trichuris muiis. resistance restored by lymphoid cell transfer. InternationalJournal of Parasitology 21, 65-69. 

Soltys, J., Goyal, P.K. and Wakelin, D. (1999) Cellular immune responses in mice infected with the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Experimental Parasitology 92, 40-47. 

Whilst the expulsion of intestinal nematodes is absolutely Th2-mediated (Chapter 17 and below), the associated enteropathy is indistinguishable from that previously attributed to Thl-like responses. The solution to this paradox, which is addressed below, may therefore reside in the recognition of common mediators of tissue destruction, remodelling and repair, induced by both Thl and Th2 cytokine-dependent processes. 

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