Castor oil beans

Castor Wax. Castor wax [8001-78-3] is catalyticahy hydrogenated castor bean oil. The wax has a melting point of 86°C, acid number of 2, saponification number of 179, and an iodine number of 4. Castor wax is used primarily in the formulation of cosmetics. Derivatives of castor wax are used as surfactants and plastics additives. 

The hydroxy fatty acid, ricinoleic acid (Cl8 1 (OH)) can account for up to 90% of castor bean oil composition. It is mainly used as an industrial oil in paints and varnishes. It is also used as a plasticiser in soaps, waxes, polishes and... 

Grade Nylon 66 is a condensation product of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine developed by Car-others in 1935. Adipic acid is obtained by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. Nylon 6 is a polymer of caprolactam, originated by I. G. Farbenindustrie in 1940. Nylon 4 is based on butyrolactam (2-pyrroli-done) its tenacity, abrasion resistance, and melting point are said to be about the same as for the 6 and 66 grades. It has excellent dyeability. Nylon 610 (TM Tynex ) is obtained by condensation of sebacic acid and hexamethylenediamine, and nylon 11 (TM Rilsan ) from castor bean oil (developed in France). Nylon 12 (also called Rilsan 12) is made... 

Castor Bean Oil Press and Final Ricin Progress... 

The structure of Nylon 1010 is shown in Figure 6.217. PAlOlO is 100% renewably sourced. The monomers, 1,10-decamethylene diamine and 1,10-decanedioic acid (sebacic acid), used in PAlOlO are both derived from castor bean oil. PA 1010 offers the typical properties of flexible polyamide with additional benefits such as superior high temperature resistance and lower permeability to fuel and gases. 

Ricinoleate [(9Z)-(12/ )-hydroxy-9-octadecanoic acid], a major component of castor bean oil, is also found in Clavicepspurpurea (Ascomycota, Hypo-creales, Clavicepiticeae) sclerotia as a glycoside and in oil extracted from mycelium as a free acid. No function has been ascribed to this free hydroxy acid however, its presence is positively correlated with the production of alkaloids [23]. 

The main constituent of castor bean oil is ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9-octade-cenoic acid). Around 1937, dehydrated castor oil appeared on the market in the United States as a substitute for tung oil. Ten years later the product was estabhshed as one of the most popular drying oils (1). It has been known since 1888 that castor oil could be dehydrated, and since 1914 it was known that the main isomers of linoleic acid formed had double bonds at positions 9,11 and 9,12, but the detailed composition of dehydrated ricinoleic acid was not investigated until recently. A German patent from 1930 (2) and a U.S. patent from 1934 (3) desaibe the preparation of dehydrated castor bean oils. A modified procedure was recently used to produce an 83% pure 9-cis,ll-trans CLA concentrate from purified ricinoleic acid (4). Main impurities were the 9-cis,li-cis and 9-c ,12-franx-octadecadienoic acids. Conventional dehydration... 

A concentrate with 83% 9-cis,ll-trans isomer was obtained from gentle dehydration of ricinoleic acid from castor bean oil and subsequent purification steps (4). The use of urea inclusion compounds does not seem to be a feasible procedure to separate 9-cis,l i-trans and l0-trans,l2-cis (23). Enzymes, however, are promising tools for these separations. A 98% concentrate of 9-cis,ll-trans was reported by using lipase from Geotrichum candidum. The enzyme was capable of esterifying selectively 9-cis, -trans to monohydric alcohols from a mixture of several isomers (24). A patent has been issued on purification and characterization of iso-merases from Propionibacterium acnes and Clostridium sporogenes. The purified isomerase preparations were able to quantitatively isomerize linoleic acid into the 10-trans,12-cis isomer of CLA (25). 

Ricinoleic acid is the main acid of castor bean oil, comprising up to 90% of the total acids. Hence, it can serve as an indicator for the presence of this oil in edible oil blends. 

Villeneuve, R, et al., 2005. Production of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by dehydration and isomerization of castor bean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82, 261-269. 

These alkaloids include the substituted pyridone ricinine [524-40-3] (53), CgHgN202, which is easily isolated in high yield as the only alkaloid from the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The castor bean is also the source of castor oil (qv), which is obtained by pressing the castor bean and, rich in fatty acids, has served as a gentie cathartic. 

Other Lethal Agents. There are a number of substances, many found in nature, which are known to be more toxic than nerve agents (6). None has been weaponized. Examples of these toxic natural products include shellfish poison, isolated from toxic clams puffer fish poison, isolated from the viscera of the puffer fish the active principle of curare "heart poisons" of the digitaUs type the active principle of the sea cucumber active principles of snake venom and the protein ricin, obtained from castor beans (See Castor oil). 

LesquereUa is an oilseed crop that has been mentioned as a potential industrial crop but is not yet grown in significant quantities. Castor beans have been a crop in the United States and provide a weU-known lubricating product, castor oil [8001-79-4]. However, castor is grown only in small quantities and most of the castor used in the United States is imported from Bra2il (11). 

Organic esters in the form of fats and oils from tallow and plants such as soybean, cottonseed, linseed, and castor bean are important raw materials for soap, paints, and food industries. 

Cod liver oil Linseed oil Menhaden oil Perilla oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Pine oil Red oil Soya bean oil Tung oil Whale oil Castor oil Lard oil... 

Castor-nuss, /. castor bean. -31, n. castor oil. Catech-. see Katech-. 

Ricinus, m. castor-oil plant, -ijl, n. castor oil. -(ilsaure, /. ricinoleic acid. -Slseife, /. caator-soap, -olsulfosaure, /. castor-oil sulfonic acid, -samen, m. castor bean, -saure, /. ricinic (ricinoleic) acid, -seife, /. castor-oil soap. 

The seeds of dicotyledonous plants have two cotyledons, or seed leaves, which are part of the embryo. The cotyledons usually are the main storage tissue, although in some plants (such as castor bean) the endosperm also has a storage function. During development in the field, seeds gradually accumulate storage oils, proteins and carbohydrates (Table 3.1). In the seed, the cotyledon structure is relatively simple. The remainder of the embryo, the embryonic axis, consists mostly of undifferentiated cells, but provascular tissue can be detected that develops into vascular tissue in the seedling. 

Delayed-action cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis (ribosomal inactivating protein) that is obtained from castor beans (Ricinus communis). Waste from production of castor oil contains about 5% ricin by weight. It is a white powder that is soluble in water and relatively heat stable. Aqueous solutions are resistant to chlorine at 10 ppm. It is persistent in the environment. 

The titanium-containing silicas were also employed in the epoxidation of a series of FAME mixtures obtained directly from vegetable oils, namely high-oleic (HO) sunflower oil, coriander oil, castor oil and soya-bean oil, by esterification with so-... 

The present research program began in 1974 as an international program with Colombia, South America(3-22). Castor beans grow wild in Colombia, and it should be especially pointed out that castor oil does not come from an oil well. Today, the most important commercial sources of castor oil are India and Brazil. 

Castor oil is derived from the castor plant Ricinus communis). The castor plant has a long and rich history of uses in human society. The oil from the plant is non-digestible, and is commonly known to be a medicinal purgative. The castor bean contains the protein ricin, a substance that is famously toxic in humans [50]. The lack of food value from the castor plant coupled with the issues of toxicity inherent in extraction of ricin has mostly limited the use of castor oil to the industrial sector. 

Ricin is a potent cellular protein toxin contained in the beans of the castor been plant (Ricinus communis), which is extensively cultivated for oil production and is also a common ornamental garden plant. Ricin is able to inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis eventually causing cell death, and owing to these properties it has been allegedly used in terrorist and criminal activities. After trypsin digestion of castor bean crude extracts, Ostin et al. [105] were able to unambiguously... 

Castor polyols Castor oil (CO) is mainly available in India and Brazil although the USA also produces a considerable quantity. Castor oil is produced either by expression or by solvent extraction from its seeds, also known as castor beans . It is a viscous liquid with a characteristic unpleasant taste and can be made odorless and tasteless by neutralization and subsequent deodorization. The grade of castor oil is decided by its... 

Ricinus communis L. Bi Ma Zi (Castor bean) (seed) Ricinine, ricinolein, olein acid, stearin acid, isoricinoleic acid, cytochrome C, castor oil.33-427-450 Cathartic, tumor inhibition. 

Ncmdrying oils are those which remain permanently greasy or sticky, becoming rancid after a time. Among these oils the most important are olive oil, castor oil from the seeds oF the castor bean plant, rape seed oil, peanut oil. almond oil. used medicinally, and tea seed oil. 

The Dow Chemical Company, Castor Oil, Inc., and the USD A Western Regional Research Center are collaborating to develop the castor plant as a suitable oilseed for specialty oils that can be converted into lubricants, coatings, foams, adhesives, and engineering thermoplastics. Castor oil already contains ricinoleic acid, a fatty acid used in many industrial applications, but project partners hope to produce other industrially desirable fatty acids within the castor bean. 

Naphthas are used for extraction on a fairly wide scale. They are applied in extracting residual oil from castor beans, soybeans, cottonseed, and wheat germ and in the recovery of grease from mixed garbage and refuse. The solvent employed in these cases is a hexane cut, boiling from about 65 to 120°C (150 to 250°F). When the oils recovered are of edible grade or... 

In many cases, food crops are exploited to provide abundant sources of carbohydrates and oils that are then diverted to industrial uses, for example corn, potatoes and wheat for starch, and oilseed rape and sunflower for oil. In other cases, nonedible crops are commercialised primarily for specific industrial or medicinal use, where examples include linseed, castor bean and rubber palm. Where plants are commercialised for industrial uses, unless products command a very high value, candidate plants must be capable of producing large quantities of the metabolites of interest. In the case of oils for specific uses, this means plants must be enriched in specific fatty acids. This arises from the fact that plant-derived chemicals in many cases compete with petrochemical-derived alternatives and this requires that costs of extraction and refining are kept as low as possible in order to remain commercially competitive. 

Carothers had favored nylon-5,10 which is prepared from a five-carbon diamine and a 10-carbon diacid rather than nylon-6,6. However Elmer Bolton, his practical, profit-minded boss pointed out that the starting materials for nylon 5,10 would be expensive on a large scale. For example, the diacid, seba-cic acid, came from castor oil, which is obtained in limited quantities from the castor bean. There would not be enough castor oil to provide sufficient seba-cic add for the amount of nylon that he envisioned. Instead, Bolton reasoned that only one petrochemical, benzene (QHg), could provide both of the starting materials for nylon-6,6. This turned out to be a very shrewd decision. And so this became the world s first truly synthetic commercial fiber ... 

The presence of the hydroxy group on ricinoleate (12-hydroxy oleate) underlies many industrial uses, such as the manufacture of lithium grease, plastics, paints, coatings, and cosmetics. Castor oil contains 90% of its fatty acids (FA) as ricinoleate (Achaya et al., 1964) and is the only commercial source of ricinoleate. Since the castor bean contains the toxin ricin and potent allergens, it... 

Triricinolein (RRR) constitutes about 70% of TAG in castor oil (Lin et al., 2003). Recently, a new tetraacylglycerol, (12-ricinoleoylricinoleoyl)diricinoleo ylglycerol (RRRR), in castor oil was identified and its content was about 0.5% (Lin et al., 2006). These two AG contain ricinoleate only without other FA. The biosynthetic pathway of RRR and RRRR in the castor bean has been established and the key enzymatic steps driving ricinoleate into RRR and RRRR have been identified (Lin et al., 1998, 2000, 2002, 2006) as shown in Figure 25.1. Oleate of oleoyl-CoA is incorporated into 2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (2-oleoyl-PC) by lysophosphatidylcholine-acyltransfer-ase and then hydroxylated to 2-ricinoleoyl-PC by 12-oleoyl-hydroxylase in castor microsomes (Fig. 25.1) (Lin et al., 1998). 2-Oleoyl-PC is also desaturated to 2-linoleoyl-PC and then to 2-linolenoyl-PC (Lin et al, 1998) by desaturases. 

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