Propionibacterium acnes

It kills the Propionibacterium acnes bacterium that causes acne... 

R. Goodacre, D.B. Kell and G. Bianchi, Rapid identification of species using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks of propionibacterium acnes isolated from dogs. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 76 (1994) 124-134. 

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), an anaerobic organism, is also found in the normal flora of the skin. This bacteria proliferates in the mixture of sebum and keratinocytes and can result in an inflammatory response producing a closed comedo or whitehead. More severe acne lesions such as pustules, papules, and nodules can also form with inflammatory acne and result in significant scarring if treated inadequately (Fig. 62-2). 

Goodacre, R. Howell, S. A. Noble, W. C. Neal, M. J. Sub-species discrimination using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and self-organising neural networks of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human skin. Zbl. Bakt.-Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 1996,284, 501-515. 

Lee WLS, Shalita AR and Poh-Fitzpatrick MB (1978) Comparative studies of porphyrin production in Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulo-sum. J Bacteriol 133, 811-815. 

Dreier J, Amantea E, Kellenberger L, Page MGP. (2007) Activity of the novel macrolide BAL19403 against ribosomes from erythromycin-resistant Propionibacterium acnes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 4361-4365. 

Benzoyl peroxide is a keratolytic drug. It has bacteriostatic activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Initial irritation is common. Rarely, contact sensitivity occurs. Potassium permanganate is used for the same indications. 

Some of the prenylated and lavandulylated flavanones from S. flavescens, kushenols P-S, exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis. Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium acnes. They also exhibited antiandrogenic activities. Kurarinone (114), 2 -(9-methylkurarinone (115), and the known sophoraflavanone G and leachianone A from the roots of S, flavescens, which all have 8-lavandulyl substitution and 2, 4 -di-(9-substitution of the B-ring, exhibited cytotoxic activity... 

Clindamycin is active against Propionibacterium acnes. Erythromycin alone and in combination with benzoyl peroxide is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Topical metronidazole is effective in the treatment of acne rosacea. 

Acne vulgaris affects the pilosebaceous units to the skin, leading to their eventual blockade and development of acne lesions. Abnormal desquamation, defective keratinisation, blockade of the follicular orifice and collection and colonization of sebum lead to proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes. 

Clindamycin has in vitro activity against Propionibacterium acnes this has been postulated as the mechanism of its beneficial effect in acne therapy. Approximately 10% of an applied dose is absorbed, and rare cases of bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported following topical application. The hydroalcoholic vehicle may cause drying and irritation of the skin, with complaints of burning and stinging. The water-based gel and lotion formulations are well tolerated and less likely to cause irritation. Allergic contact dermatitis is uncommon. Clindamycin is also available in a fixed-combination topical gel with benzoyl peroxide (BenzaClin). 

Additionally, Propionibacterium acnes, which thrives in the pilosebaceous glands of the skin, secretes enzymes that cause local skin irritation and inflammation, and is generally accepted to play a role in the dermatologic condition, acne (178). The role of other microbiota in the development of acne, however, is still under investigation. 

From the protease-generated peptides identified in saliva with potential physiological role, GPPPQGGRPQ peptide from C-terminal of acidic PRPs is known to bind Gram-positive Propionibacterium acnes, considerably inhibiting bacterial growth (69). The 12-amino acid fragment resultant from histatin... 

Data indicating participation of PolyPs in overcoming stress were obtained in Propi-onibacteria. The PolyP component in the 31P NMR spectra of Propionibacterium acne increased after ultraviolet light irrardiation (Kjeldstad and Johnson, 1987) and after hyperthermia treatment (Kjeldstad et al., 1988). Such treatments, carried out in triplicate, induced an increase in the PolyP content, as observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. One of the explanations for this might be that hyperthermia and ultraviolet light induce an oxidative stress in the cells, which increases the amount of PolyP (Kjeldstad and Johnson, 1987 Kjeldstad et al., 1988). 

B. Kjeldstad and A. Johnson (1987). A 31P NMR study of Propionibacterium acnes, including effects caused by near-ultraviolet irradiation. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 927, 184—189. 

B. Kjeldstad, A. Johnson, K. M. Furuheim, A. Schie Bergan and J. Krane (1988). Hyperthermia induced polyphosphate changes in Propionibacterium acnes as studied by 31P-NMR. Z. 

Resistance of Propionibacterium acnes to topical and systemic antibiotics is increasing. Therefore you should recommend that Miss EV complete the full... 

Etiology. Microbiologic studies of lid flora in control and blepharitis patients determined that the most common bacteria isolated from both groups were staphylococcal epidermidis (5, epidermidis ), Propionibacterium acnes, and Corynebacterium sp. S. aureus was cultured more often in the infectious and mixed varieties of... 

Propionibacterium acnes, commonly isolated from the skin, is the most frequently found anaerobe. Factors and conditions such as blepharitis, dry eye syndrome, meibomian gland dysfunction, and contact lens use may influence the composition of the normal flora or cause disruption to normal epithelial microbial barriers, either of which can lead to disease in susceptible patients. Although immunocompromised individuals may harbor Candida albicans, fungi are considered opportunistic pathogens. Little evidence supports the existence of any indigenous fungi in the normal conjunctival flora. 

Acne results from disordered function of the pilosebaceous follicle whereby abnormal keratin and sebum (the production of which is androgen driven), form debris which plugs the mouth of the follicle. Propionibacterium acnes colonises the debris. Bacterial action releases inflammatory fatty acids from the sebum. 

Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Kawabata S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol 1999 9(l) 25-8. 

Over the years, various tetracyclines have been used in the treatment of acne. Their mechanism of action is not clear, but appears to be not purely antimicrobial, since they reduce chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, modify complement pathways, and inhibit the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor and lipase production in Propionibacterium acnes (33). They may also have a direct effect on sebum secretion (34), for example by modification of free fatty acids (35). 

Microorganisms, mainly Propionibacterium acnes, cause the follicular wall of closed comedones to disrupt and collapse, spilling their contents into the surrounding tissue and provoking an inflammatory response. In addition, bacterial enzymes decompose triglycerides in the sebum to produce free fatty acids, which also cause inflammation. This process leads to the formation of papules around the follicular openings in the more common, milder form of acne and to cyst formation in the deeper layers of the skin in the more severe form. 

The mix of trapped keratinocytes and sebum provide an environment for the normally-occurring bacteria Propionibacterium acnes to flourish. Although P. acnes, a partial anaerobe, resides in the follicle as normal flora, it triggers immune responses such that titers of antibodies to P. acnes are higher in patients with severe acne than in non-acne control subjects. 

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