Wastes from production

Utility systems as sources of waste. The principal sources of utility waste are associated with hot utilities (including cogeneration systems) and cold utilities. Furnaces, steam boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines all produce waste from products of combustion. The principal problem here is the emission of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and particulates (metal oxides, unbumt... 

Fuel switch. The choice of fuel used in furnaces and steam boilers has a major effect on the gaseous utility waste from products of combustion. For example, a switch from coal to natural gas in a steam boiler can lead to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of typically 40 percent for the same heat released. This results from the lower carbon content of natural gas. In addition, it is likely that a switch from coal to natural gas also will lead to a considerable reduction in both SO, and NO, emissions, as we shall discuss later. 

Acid Curing. Urea-formaldehyde resins and resol-phenol-formaldehyde resins can be acid-cured by wastes from the production of maleic anhydride [1902]. The waste from the production of maleic anhydride contains up to 50% maleic anhydride, in addition to phthalic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, benzoic acid, o-tolulic acid, and phthalide. The plugging solution is prepared by mixing a urea-formaldehyde resin with a phenol-formaldehyde resin, adding the waste from production of maleic anhydride, and mixing thoroughly. 

Mineral binder Waste from production of epoxide resins [1097]... 

S. D. Dzhanakhmedova, E. I. Pryanikov, S. A. Sulejmanova, K. K. Mamedov, E. G. Dubrovina, N. M. Indyukov, and A. B. Sulejmanov. Composition for preventing asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits—contains waste from production of synthetic glycerine, in mixture with polyacrylamide. Patent SU 1761772-A, 1992. 

M. I. Khoma. Composition of foam-extinguishing agent for drilling solutions—contains waste from production of hydrophilic and hydrophobic aerosil, modified with bifunctional silico-organic compound and diesel oil. Patent SU 1795977-A, 1993. 

Y. R. Leonov, M. E. Lamosov, S. A. Ryabokon, V. A. Mosin, B. G. Dzetl, F. G. Mamulov, O. G. Bobrov, and V. M. Savoskin. Plugging material for wells in the oil and gas industry—contains mineral binder and powder waste from production of epoxide resins as epoxide resin-based additive. Patent RU 2036297-C, 1995. 

V. G. Mosienko, Y. I. Petrakov, V. F. Nagomova, and V. N. Nikiforova. Complex additive for plugging solutions—contains modifying reagent in form of waste from production of sebacic acid, from stage of neutralising of sodium salts of fatty acids. Patent RU 2074310-C, 1997. 

A. A. Shatov, N. Kh. Karimov, M. R. Mavlyutov, F. A. Agzamov, A. V. Voronin, and I. D. Maltseva. Plugging solution for cementing oil and gas wells—contains Portland cement, waste from production of calcined soda, water and additionally slag waste from metallurgical industry. Patent RU 2059791-C, 1996. 

A. A. Shatov and Z. Z. Sharafutdinov. Plugging solution—contains Portland cement and specified additive based on waste from production of calcined soda. Patent RU 2072027-C, 1997. 

P. Ya. Zeltser, V. I. Chalykh, L. V. Chemyakhovskij, V. N. Smeta-nin, V. I. Kravchenko, and K. S. Elkin. Light plugging solution production—from mixture of Portland cement, silica-containing dust waste from production of aluminium alloys, sodium hydroxide and water. Patent SU 1728471-A, 1992. 

Delayed-action cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis (ribosomal inactivating protein) that is obtained from castor beans (Ricinus communis). Waste from production of castor oil contains about 5% ricin by weight. It is a white powder that is soluble in water and relatively heat stable. Aqueous solutions are resistant to chlorine at 10 ppm. It is persistent in the environment. 

Okrent and Xing (1993) analyzed the cancer risk resulting from inadvertent intrusion into a RCRA facility for hazardous chemical waste. The facility was assumed to contain waste from production of veterinary pharmaceuticals and other wastes that resulted in concentrations of 1,000 mg kg-1 of arsenic and 100 mg kg 1 of beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. A scenario for inadvertent intrusion involving permanent site occupancy similar to the scenario used by NRC to develop the Class-A, -B, and -C limits for near-surface disposal of radioactive waste (NRC, 1982b) was used to estimate the human health consequences of the postulated intrusion. 

The transition to a sustainable chemical industry requires a thorough reconceptualization of the industry and its products. Future generations will continue to need chemicals and the industrial transformation of chemicals, to meet human needs, will continue to require ingenuity and enterprise. However, the types of chemicals and how they are used must be significantly reconsidered. Fossil fuels will need to play a much smaller role, and wastes from production and consumption will need to be managed and recycled in ways that conserve materials and protect the environment. 

Now, when the cement company received the orders from the first engineer, they had a great deal of trouble. Their machines were precise but not so precise that they could consistently cut to within 0.0001 feet. However, after a good deal of trial and error and testing, and some waste from products that did not meet the specification, they finally machined all of the bricks that were needed. The other engineer s orders were much easier, and generated minimal waste. 

What happens to plastics waste from production-runs, industrial and domestic sources ... 

Wind seemingly has no adverse enviromnental effects until wind generators begun to "pollute" the visible landscape. Solar appears to have no environmental effects except for the chemical wastes from production of solar collectors. Whether these enviroiunental concerns will become issues is uncertain. 

To meet these duties, regular audits of the registered carriers and disposal contractors should be undertaken and fully documented. In the long term, and to improve production efficiency and reduce production costs, it will be prudent to minimise all waste from production, either as solid waste for disposal off-site or as trade effluent to be treated by the local sewage treatment works. 

Recovering plastic waste from products at the end of their useful life cycle presents two major problems. The first is recovering the discarded products and return to the recycling plant. The second is the separation of plastic components from the product and then chemical identification. Design of the products can have a major impact on the ease... 

We started this chapter with a description of the fundamental differences between thermoplastic and thermoset materials we will end it with an example of a subtle blend of their respective properties. A disadvantage of the three-dimensional network of EPDM, but actually of all thermoset materials, is the lack of recyclability. Crosslinked EPDM, both the waste from production and after use, cannot be processed in the melt again like thermoplastics. Reclaiming technologies have been developed for vulcanized mbber, degrading part of the network via high-temperature and shear treatment, but these technologies are less effective for EPDM vulcanizates, probably because the EPDM chains are so stable. A break-... 

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